Thursday, May 10, 2018

The Irrawaddy Magazine

The Irrawaddy Magazine

Government Slams OIC’s Dhaka Declaration on Rohingya Crisis as ‘Unfair’

Posted: 10 May 2018 08:44 AM PDT

YANGON — The government on Thursday dismissed as unfair and unbalanced a declaration by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) alleging human rights violations against Rohingya by Myanmar security forces, and rejected its use of the terms "ethnic cleansing" and "state-backed violence" to describe the situation in Rakhine State.

The 45th session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the OIC was held in Bangladesh last weekend. At the end of the two-day meeting, the group released a statement, dubbed the "Dhaka Declaration", expressing concern over alleged human rights violations by Myanmar security forces.

The Myanmar military (or Tatmadaw) launched a clearance operation targeting Rohingya militants following their Aug. 25 attack on several border security outposts. The months-long operation has resulted in the displacement of nearly 700,000 Rohingya. The UN has described the mass devastation, arbitrary killings and arson attacks against the Rohingya as a "textbook example of ethnic cleansing," while international rights groups have called for the Tatmadaw's leadership to be brought before the International Criminal Court.

Of the OIC declaration's 38 points, four relate to the Rohingya crisis. Top OIC officials have consistently urged member states to keep international pressure on Myanmar and to provide humanitarian assistance to traumatized Rohingya now living in Bangladeshi refugee camps, which have been described as the largest such site in the world.

The OIC declaration reads: "We express deep concern over the recent systematic brutal acts perpetrated by security forces against the Rohingya Muslim Community in Myanmar." It asserts that the arbitrary killings, rapes and arsons that prompted the mass exodus to the neighboring country were tantamount to "ethnic cleansing."

The group commended the personal leadership shown by Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in addressing the plight of the Rohingya people and seeking international support to manage the crisis, and for implementing steps to help displaced people in line with the recommendations of the Kofi Annan-led Advisory Commission. The OIC welcomed a draft resolution submitted by members states to the UN General Assembly in November last year concerning the situation facing the Rohingya community of Myanmar. It also agreed to address accountability for rights abuses against Rohingya in Myanmar by establishing an impromptu ministerial committee led by the African nation of Gambia.

On Wednesday, Myanmar's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement saying that the OIC declaration "lacks balance and fairness" as it failed to denounce the brutal attacks by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), formally known as Harakah Al-Yaqeen ("faith movement"), on several dozen Myanmar government security outposts in northern Rakhine in late 2017. It said the current humanitarian crisis in northern Rakhine was "triggered" by the militant group.

The MOFA statement asserts that "It is highly regrettable that the Dhaka Declaration did not even mention the immediate need for the repatriation of displaced persons from Rakhine in accordance with the bilateral agreement between Myanmar and Bangladesh." It also points out that the declaration failed to include any suggestions that could promote harmony and sustainable development in Rakhine State.

In the statement, Myanmar urges Dhaka to take steps to help the repatriation process agreed by the two nations early this year, as the monsoon season is approaching. It says Myanmar is "ready to facilitate the voluntary, safe and dignified return" of displaced Rohingya.

UN and international experts have warned that displaced Rohingya could face mudslides during the coming rainy season as they are living atop deforested hills in Bangladesh's Cox Bazar district.

The post Government Slams OIC's Dhaka Declaration on Rohingya Crisis as 'Unfair' appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Yangon Chief Minister Unveils 5-Point Vision for Economic Growth

Posted: 10 May 2018 06:32 AM PDT

YANGON — Yangon Chief Minister U Phyo Min Thein vowed to focus on economic growth in 2018 and laid out a five-point vision for the city's development at the Yangon Investment Forum on Wednesday.

U Phyo Min Thein said boosting the city's economy would be one of the regional government’s priorities this year, along with improving the rule of law and cleanliness — some of Yangon’s main challenges.

Organized by the Yangon Region Investment Committee (YRIC), the forum aims to boost foreign investment in Myanmar’s largest city and commercial capital.

Addressing an audience of more than 1,000 international and local investors and businesspeople, the chief minister, who also chairs the YRIC, promised to create more investment opportunities in industry, trade and logistics, transportation, energy and sustainable urban development.

A lack of clear policies, red tape, poor infrastructure, frequent power cuts and high land prices have long stood in the way of doing business in Yangon. But U Phyo Min Thein argued that those challenges were investment opportunities in themselves.

"Challenges are great opportunities for investors because they can get involved in developing those projects,” he said.

Projects in the regional government’s pipeline include a new deep-sea port and special economic zone (SEZ); the development of new industrial zones on the city's outskirts; upgrades to the power supply, infrastructure and waste management of the city's existing 29 industrial zones; upgrades to the city's transport system; and city expansion.

Yangon Chief Minister U Phyo Min Thein delivers an opening speech at the Yangon Investment Forum 2018 on Wednesday. / Aung Kyaw Htet / The Irrawaddy

U Phyo Min Thein said Yangon would soon see an additional 1,500 megawatts of electricity supply thanks to new power plant in the works in Irrawaddy and Tenasserim regions.

Throughout the forum, he also emphasized that the government was working on cutting red tape.

The chief minister said the new port was needed because the current port in downtown Yangon, which handles 90 percent of the entire country’s import and export traffic, could not be expanded to handle the growing demands of modern logistics. He said 50,000 acres of land in the south of the city have been set aside for the new port and SEZ and that the government would start accepting bids soon.

The chief minister said all the projects offered investors good opportunities and that the regional government has been in discussions with investors across ASEAN on various plans.

Wedged in between India and China, together home to some 40 percent of the world’s population, Myanmar — and Yangon especially — was well placed to become a regional trade and transportation hub, U Phyo Min Thein said.

"We will try to develop Yangon as an investment hub not only in Myanmar but also in the region," he said.

U Khin Maung Aye, chairman of the Myanmar Investors Development Association, the forum’s main sponsor, told reporters that investors at the event expressed interest in the new SEZ and other infrastructure and agriculture projects. But he cautioned that it remained to be seen whether those investors would actually follow through.

Khin Marlar Maung Maung, a director of Da Na Aung Si Construction Co. Ltd., told The Irrawaddy that her company was interested in the government's expansion and energy projects.

"The chief minister highlighted that the government will prioritize green energy projects. We are very interested in that, as well as in the construction of a plant to convert waste into energy, which could help the city's waste management a lot," she said.

The post Yangon Chief Minister Unveils 5-Point Vision for Economic Growth appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

KNU Renews Call for Tatmadaw to Halt Militarization of Papun

Posted: 10 May 2018 05:43 AM PDT

CHIANG MAI, Thailand – The Karen National Union has urged the Myanmar military, or Tatmadaw, to stop deploying troops and doing roadwork in an area controlled by its armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army, in Papun district, Karen State.

The Karen group is worried recent moves by the Tatmadaw are undermining trust-building between the two sides and may result in more clashes in the state, where the Tatmadaw has been engaged in an apparent militarization effort since March.

"If the Tatmadaw continues its activities before a meeting between the KNU and Tatmadaw has happened yet, any problems or consequences will be the responsibility of the Tatmadaw," the KNU said in a statement on Thursday that provided an update on the situation in Papun (Mutraw) district.

It has been more than a month since the KNU called for a meeting between Tatmadaw representatives and the KNU/KNLA's Military Affairs Negotiation Team. The Tatmadaw has stalled on agreeing to the talks, however, citing the absence of the commander of KNLA Brigade 5, which operates in Papun, from the negotiations.

Military-to-military engagement between the KNU and the Tatmadaw has emerged as a potential channel to end the current clashes, following the Tatmadaw's deployment of more troops in the KNLA-controlled area in early March. The clashes have caused more than 2,000 local villagers from Ler Mu Plaw in Luthaw Township to flee their homes since Mar.4.

Padoh Saw Tar Doh Moo, the general secretary of the KNU, told The Irrawaddy that "as there is a space for discussion regarding any disputes, the Tatmadaw's military expansion should not be happening."

Since April 30, more bulldozers have arrived in the area to continue rebuilding an old road while six more Tatmadaw units have been deployed in crop-growing areas of local villagers, forcing the villagers to abandon their homes.

"The situation eased in mid-April, with some villagers even going back to their homes to feed their animals such as chickens and pigs. However, it did not last long, and clashes have happened every day in May and the villagers have been forced to flee into the jungle again," Padoh Saw Tar Doh Moo said.

The locals insist that the Tatmadaw reinforcements have not been pulled back since March, with more military trucks loaded with weapons and ammunition being seen arriving in the area.

The KNU has repeatedly said that the current military activities "show the Tatmadaw does not take seriously the agreements made in the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement and disregards its negotiating partner."

Meanwhile, the KNLA vowed in a statement on Wednesday to fight to defend its "nationality" as the Tatmadaw has repeatedly violated the NCA principles.

Disappointed by the current peace process, even though the KNU and the Tatmadaw are both signatories to the NCA, observers of the process lamented that peace is nowhere to be seen.

"We really need peace," said Hsa Moo, a spokesperson for the Karen Peace Support Network. "We just live on our land, but we have to leave our birthplace and hide in the jungle. I am so tired of this peace process."

"No one wants to be an IDP. Why do people have to flee after their leaders have signed the NCA?" she told The Irrawaddy.

The Myanmar military has insisted that the Joint Ceasefire Monitoring Committee at the regional level has discussed the issue and how to resolve it. The JMC at the union has level also suggested military-to-military engagement as an approach to end the clashes.

However, the chief of the Bago Region JMC is also the commander of the Tatmadaw's Southern Command and it is he who has overseen the militarization in Papun district. Therefore, the KNU doubts the Tatmadaw's sincerity.

"Whether the commander will follow the orders of his superior or whether he follows the terms of references of the JMC is the question that remains," said Padoh Saw Tar Doh Moo.

The KNU and the ethnic armed organization have proposed bringing in independent local and international monitoring for the JMC.

"The JMC also should review its stand," he added.

The post KNU Renews Call for Tatmadaw to Halt Militarization of Papun appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Activists in Mandalay Protest Arrest of Police Officers Behind Corruption Claims

Posted: 10 May 2018 04:54 AM PDT

MANDALAY — Residents of Mandalay Region’s Kyaukse Township were joined by lawmakers and activists on Thursday in calling for the fair treatment of five police officers arrested earlier this month after exposing the release of an alleged timber trafficker and accusing their chief of corruption.

"We call for justice for these police officers who did their best to do the right thing for the rule of law in Kyaukse," said Ko Ko Lwin, a member of the 88 Generation Peace and Open Society.

"The lawmakers said they will raise their voices in accordance with the law in Parliament to call for justice for the detained police officers," he told reporters after a meeting of concerned locals, lawmakers and the 88 Generation in Kyaukse.

"They also assured that they will make sure no one is harmed for helping the general administration and security institutions with the rule of law in the region and with the fight against corruption," Ko Ko Lwin added.

On April 24, police Corporals Tun Tun Win, Zeyar Maung and two others seized a truck hauling illegal logs. But they said the township police chief scolded them for the bust and ordered them to release the logs’ alleged owner. The police report ultimately stated that police could not prove who owned the logs.

According to locals, however, the alleged owner — Moan Lar, also known as Aung Soe Moe — was well known for paying off police and government officials for protection.

In early May, the local office of the 88 Generation helped locals send the Ministry of Home Affairs a complaint asking that the corrupt police officers be prosecuted. The five officers who exposed the alleged owner’s release, including the four who made the original arrest and a fifth who recorded it, were arrested by township police soon afterward.

Moan Lar, the alleged owner, was rearrested on Wednesday afternoon.

On Monday, the 88 Generation sent another complaint to the Anti-Corruption Commission in Naypyitaw asking it to investigate the case and find justice for the arrested officers.

"Based on the case of police Captain Ko Moe Yan Naing in the trial of the two Reuters reporters, we do not have too much hope that the Ministry of Home Affairs will provide justice in this case," said Ko Ko Lwin.

"However, we believe the incident in Kyaukse will ring the alarm and hopefully become an example for an anti-corruption movement in the police force," he added.

The post Activists in Mandalay Protest Arrest of Police Officers Behind Corruption Claims appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

The Military-Drafted Constitution Turns 10

Posted: 10 May 2018 04:20 AM PDT

One decade ago today, Myanmar's then-ruling military government held a referendum on whether to ratify a Constitution that not only political observers but also many ordinary citizens saw as a thinly veiled rubber stamp for the military's continued involvement in the country's politics. Led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and in collaboration with civil society organizations, the National League for Democracy has declared its intention to amend the charter, which it claims is undemocratic — but so far its efforts have been in vain. On the 10th anniversary of the referendum, we post here a collection of opinion pieces from The Irrawaddy — some dating back to 2008 — relating to the Constitution, the possible options for amending it, and the ways in which it limits democracy in Myanmar, among other topics.

Constitutional Conundrum

As analysts and activists debate how to respond to the regime's draft constitution, others ask if it will cement the generals' hold on power or trigger a popular uprising

Constitutional Power in the Hands of Commander in Chief 

Nudging the Junta toward Democracy 

What can the international community and the opposition do to ensure that next year's election puts Burma on the road to genuine political reform?

Suu Kyi Needs a Band of 'Bold Soldiers'

The democracy icon says she wants to be president, but to get there, she'll need some help from a tough crowd: military-appointed members of Parliament.

A Tip for Dealing With Burma's Government

As the reform process loses momentum, foreign diplomats and donors should not be fooled by political manipulation or the progress of three years ago.

Time for Constitutional Change

President Thein Sein has not shown any indication that he is serious about amendments, but the clock is ticking and we're tired of waiting.

Walking the Walk on Constitutional Change in Myanmar 

Whatever form the dialogue on constitutional change takes, what's most important is that the discussion is substantive and its participants approach the matter genuinely.

Burma’s Democracy: Just What the Generals Ordered

The international community must press the Burmese government to go further in its top-down reform program.

Zipporah Sein: 'We Don't Accept the Constitution' 

The Irrawaddy speaks with Zipporah Sein, vice chairperson of the Karen National Union and leader of a newly formed ethnic negotiating bloc.

Take Care With Constitutional Reform

Constitutional change is crucial, and we should be careful that any attempt to achieve it is not counter-productive.

Myanmar’s Constitutional Collision Course

Burma's generals got the Constitution they wanted, hence the NLD's victory is unlikely to affect the country's power structure with the military at its apex.

Dateline Irrawaddy: 'The Constitution Has Made Two Lions Live Together in a Cave' 

With the National League for Democracy hitting its 40th day in office this week, Irrawaddy Dateline examines what challenges and opportunities remain for the party.

A Tale of 3 Constitutions 

Myanmar has had three constitutions since securing its independence in 1948. Here is a brief history of each.

NLD 'Waiting for the Right Time' to Amend Constitution

Party laying the groundwork for reform, remains committed to charter change, spokesman says.

The post The Military-Drafted Constitution Turns 10 appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

President’s Office Intervenes in Ngapali Beach Resort Dispute

Posted: 10 May 2018 04:00 AM PDT

YANGON – The President's Office has ordered the Ministry of Planning and Finance to study the results of an investigation by the Central Body on Anti-Money Laundering into a business dispute over the Amara Ocean Resort (AOR) in southern Rakhine State's Thandwe Township.

The anti-money laundering agency, which is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs, wrapped up the investigation on March 5. The President's Office wants the ministry to determine whether there are grounds for legal proceedings regarding the Ngapali Beach resort.

The instruction was contained in a reply letter from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the German Embassy in Yangon dated May 3. According to the letter, former German Ambassador Christian-Ludwig Weber-Lortsch and Gerald Schreiber — the ex-husband of AOR owner Daw Kalayar Moe — requested an appointment with U Min Thu, deputy minister of the Myanmar President's Office, to discuss the disputed beach property.

The meeting request was declined by the deputy minister. That decision was accompanied by a brief explanation citing the fact that the case is under "scrutinization". The letter stated that the Ministry of Planning and Finance and the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism would take "proper action," but did not say against whom.

In an email to The Irrawaddy on Wednesday, Schreiber said, "What a surprise! we did never get anything before. The Government has never send any official statement to us before. We have been meeting with government people since 2012 regard our case, but never got anything in written."

In 2011, Schreiber and his then-wife Daw Kalayar Moe (they have since divorced) entered an agreement with Dr. Jens Ehrahrdt, chairman of the Germany-based DJE Group, to develop a 17-acre plot of land on Ngapali Beach and a 6-acre freshwater reservoir in Gaw village, a few miles from Thandwe Airport. Ehrahrdt funded the project with an investment of several million dollars. He held a 50-percent stake, with the couple possessing 25 percent each. Under the agreement, profits from the venture were to be shared accordingly.

According to documents obtained by The Irrawaddy, Myanmar citizen Daw Kalayar Moe agreed to act as the landowner because foreigners are legally prohibited from owning property. After the couple obtained a divorce in Germany in 2012, the woman refused to sell her stake in the Myanmar asset, which is registered under the name of Kalayar, to DJE Group.

During then-president U Thein Sein's visit to Germany in 2013, Schreiber and Ehrahrdt met with several Union ministers including U Soe Thein and Wana Maung Lwin about the disputed AOR property in Ngapali and provided documents signed by the parties. The meeting was also attended by Weber-Lortsch, who was still the ambassador to Myanmar at that time. U Thein Sein promised to help the German investors.

In the email, Schreiber wrote: "We can put all the documents to Myanmar government as a proof. We have already provided documents to the new National League for Democracy (NLD) government and current home affairs minister Lt. Gen Kyaw Swe ordered Bureaus of Special Investigation (BSI) to investigate the case and found out wrongdoings of Kalayar Moe. But in a meeting in January with former German ambassador, home affairs minister claimed that the case was blocked by Myanmar President Office."

President Office's spokesman U Zaw Htay confirmed that the case was under investigation by the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Tourism Ministry but declined to answer specific questions on Thursday.

"We are not sure who is behind in this case but we know exactly that Kalayar has close connection with U Win Htein. He has been (AOR hotel) there for a few days last year," Schreiber writes in the email. U Win Htein is a senior figure in the ruling National League for Democracy.

Neither U Win Htein nor Daw Kalayar Moe could be reached for comment on Thursday.

In September 2017, Schreiber wrote to DG U Aung Naing Oo of the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration (DICA) and provided relevant documents. However, Schreiber was urged to try to convince Daw Kalayar Moe to reach an amicable solution. Schreiber replied to U Aung Naing Oo that he and his business partner, Ehrahrdt, would prefer to resolve the situation by selling the resort at a reasonable price to a new investor, or getting a permit from the Myanmar Investment Commission to operate the beach resort. However, neither of these outcomes could be achieved unless Daw Kalayar Moe released the land ownership, Schreiber added.

In May 2017, the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism revoked the resort's business license. After a visit by U Win Htein in 2017, however, she was granted a temporary license for one season in 2018. Daw Kalayar Moe verbally acknowledged U Win Htein's visit during an interview with The Irrawaddy at her house in Yangon in April, but denied sponsoring the trip. The temporary hotel license for Amara Ocean Resort expired on April 30.

Daw Kalayar Moe has faced a divorce suit in Yangon Court since 2014. Her ex-business partner the DJE group has filed an initial complaint at the Myo Ma Mingalardon police station with the aim of suing her under the criminal code.

The post President's Office Intervenes in Ngapali Beach Resort Dispute appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

560 Kachin Villagers Make It to Sanctuary After 4-Week Jungle Ordeal

Posted: 10 May 2018 02:32 AM PDT

Yangon—Over 560 villagers from Awng Lawt in Kachin State's Tanai Township who fled into the jungle after fighting erupted between the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and Tatmadaw in early April have been rescued.

"Around 300 got out of the forest on May 8 and arrived near Dwan Ban village while over 260 more arrived at a creek northeast of Tanai yesterday," Naw Tawng, vice-chairman of a Tanai-based Christian committee to help displaced persons, told The Irrawaddy.

All together, more than 2,000 Awng Lawt villagers were forced to flee the fighting. The other 1,500 still remain in the forest.

Of the 300 villagers who made it out on Tuesday, half went to their relatives' houses in Myitkyina and Namti, and the other half are taking shelter at a church in the village of La Wa in Hpakant Township. The other 260 villagers who escaped on Wednesday are staying at a Catholic church in Tanai.

Displaced villagers who had escaped from the forest. (Photos by Father Naw Latt)

"They fled en masse after the fighting broke out. As the clashes grew more intense near them on April 17, they fled in groups guided by those who can lead [in the forest]," Naw Tawng said.

The villagers tramped for around three weeks in the forest on foot. On April 26, a 26-member group of displaced persons got out of the forest and reached Dwan Ban Village. Fifteen of them are villagers of Awng Lawt and 11 others are internal migrants working at gold mines in the area.

The leader of that group, N'Sang Awng Lat, told The Irrawaddy that during their time in the jungle they had to run away from wild elephants and drink water from muddy ponds as they found no creeks on their way.

"I ran with my four children and one is them is just two years old. The thirst was the worst problem we experienced," he said.

"On a rainy night, we had to cover ourselves with a plastic sheet and sleep on the ground. We were thoroughly miserable. I want to cry when I recall these days," he added.

Displaced villagers who had escaped from the forest. (Photos by Father Naw Latt)

Residents of Awng Lawt first fled into the forest after artillery shells fell near their village on April 11. Among them were pregnant women, elderly and disabled persons and children younger than five.

The villagers asked the religious leaders in Tanai to recuse them. Tanai is only accessible by water from where they were trapped, and as Tatmadaw troops control the waterways, religious leaders sought permission from them to be allowed to pass. But the military refused.

On April 14, the Christian committee to help displaced persons in Tanai sent a letter to the Kachin State chief minister asking the government to rescue the Awng Lawt villagers, but there was no reply.

Displaced villagers who had escaped from the forest. (Photos by Father Naw Latt)

Kachin civil society organizations, and the Kachin Peace-talk Creation Group also sent letters to the Kachin State chief minister, and the National Reconciliation and Peace Center to help the villagers.

With the approval of the government and Tatmadaw, the Myitkyina-based Red Cross Society went to Awng Lawt to rescue the villagers on April 20, but they could rescue only about 200 amber and gold mine workers.

The post 560 Kachin Villagers Make It to Sanctuary After 4-Week Jungle Ordeal appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Abbot Sought Over Rape of Three Girls in Pathein

Posted: 10 May 2018 02:21 AM PDT

Pathein—Police are searching for an abbot who allegedly raped three young girls in a village in the Irrawaddy Region capital of Pathein.

U Nanda Siri, the abbot of Seitta Thukha Monastery in the village of Ye Tho, has fled after the mother of the rape victims filed a complaint with police in late April.

The abbot, 56, who has been in the monkhood for seven years, allegedly raped the three daughters—the eldest one, 14 and the younger two, both 10—of a woman living near the monastery.

"We have opened a case under Section 376 of the Penal Code for alleged rape. We still can't start the investigation as the monk has run away. We have also reported the case to the township Sangha Nayaka Committee as the suspect is a monk," Police Lieutenant-Colonel Khin Maung Latt, spokesperson of the Irrawaddy regional police force, told The Irrawaddy.

According to the account of the mother, she and her three daughters have regularly helped the monk with daily chores at the monastery. On April 25, she was told by one of her daughters when she came back from collecting wood that the monk had sexually abused them.

The following day, she filed a complaint with the local police station, which has distributed photos of the monk to other police stations in the area.

The three girls were taken to a hospital for a medical examination, but the results are not yet known, according to the police.

"To protect their children from being sexually assaulted, parents should not allow them to go somewhere alone or stay alone with strangers, young or old. Similarly, they should not leave children alone at the house," Police Lieutenant-Colonel Khin Maung Latt said.

Reported cases of rape have been rising in the Irrawaddy Region year by year, and there is a need for wider awareness campaign in the region, suggested Padonma, a Pathein-based civil society for child rights protection.

"There is a need to educate girls and young women about sexual issues to reduce the incidence of rape. And rapists commit offences recklessly because they don't know about the punishments. That's why the number of rape cases has increased. So, there is a need to conduct public education campaigns on a wider scale," said U Myint Htay, the head of Padonma.

The number of child rape cases increased from 101 in 2016 to 156 last year in the Irrawaddy Region, with most of the cases being reported in rural areas, according to regional police statistics.

The post Abbot Sought Over Rape of Three Girls in Pathein appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

‘There Is No Peace for Us’

Posted: 10 May 2018 01:16 AM PDT

CHIANG MAI, Thailand – "I have been running from war since I was an infant, and it's not over yet," said Saw Nyar Kee Htoo, 53, a leader at the community-based Luthaw Paw Day Karen Indigenous Centre, in Luthaw Township, in Karen State's Papun district.

Saw Nyar Kee Htoo was a good friend of Saw O Moo, who was shot dead by Tatmadaw troops on April 5 on suspicion of being a Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) soldier. The two worked together on community development and awareness-raising activities among indigenous Karen, particularly relating to the conservation of cultural traditions, community forest protection, building seed banks and food security, and vocational training.

As a community leader, Saw Nyar Kee Htoo dedicates most of his time to helping out displaced villagers. His village, Bana Eh Beh Kho, is one of five village tracts in Ler Mu Plaw, an area that has been affected by the recent resumption of fighting between the KNLA and the Myanmar Military (or Tatmadaw).

"We were recording the number of people who had fled from their villages, and providing food and assistance to them," he said, recalling that the day Saw O Moo (aka Saw Klo Par) was killed.

"He returned home at around 2 pm. At around 5 pm we heard gunshots, but we didn't know immediately that it was the sound of the shots that took his life. Later there was a notice from the soldiers telling us to come and see them."

In Ler Mu Plaw, before entering an area military officials communicate with villagers by posting a notice at the entrance or somewhere nearby stating what they want, Saw Nyar Kee Htoo said. These notices do not include a letterhead or author's name, but simply identify the unit commander at the end. While military personnel in the region regard it as a normal form of communication, the practice is taken as a sign of disrespect by villagers.

Due to the war and instability in the region, Saw Nyar Kee Htoo never had chance to receive formal schooling, but that did not prevent him from becoming a leader at the community center. He started collaborating with the Karen Environmental and Social Action Network in 2007 and launched the Luthaw Paw Day Center in 2012.

The villagers of Luthaw Township were only able to resettle in the areas in 2012, after the Karen National Union (KNU/KNLA) agreed to a bilateral ceasefire with the Myanmar military. Saw Nyar Kee Htoo said that at that time there was hope for genuine peace in the region.

Continuously subjected to persecution

Since his childhood, Saw Nyar Kee Htoo's life "has been all about fleeing.” Recalling the 1990s, when the Tatmadaw employed a "four cuts" policy to suppress ethnic rebels, he said, “Our homes and our barns were torched and our cows and buffalos killed."

Under the military junta, Luthaw Township in Papun district was subjected to further persecution. Locals believe this was partly because the area is the birthplace of General Bo Mya, the legendary leader of the Karen revolutionary struggle.

"There is no peace for us; there are now more military troops. There is no guarantee of our safety and the villagers are afraid due to the heavy presence of the Bamar troops," he said, referring to the Tatmadaw. They never go back. We want them to go back," he said.

Since March, militarization in the area has intensified due to the Tatmadaw's rebuilding of an old road connecting Kay Pu and Ler Mu Plaw in Luthaw Township. The increased military presence has left the villagers in fear, Saw Nya Kee Htoo said, adding that whenever word spreads that Tatmadaw troops are coming, people flee their homes. Their instinct for survival has taught them to stay safe by hiding, especially women, who fear rape and torture at the hands of soldiers, he added.

"We don't want the Tatmadaw to build this road; we don't need it and if we did, we could build it on our own," Saw Nyar Kee Htoo said, adding that the Myanmar Military troops should respect the principles established in the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement.

Advocacy groups such as the Karen Peace Support Network do what they can to raise awareness of the IDPs' suffering, but these have been disrupted by the Myanmar military. Last month, Thailand's military government blocked the launch in Chiang Mai of a report on the humanitarian crisis in Karen State.

For more than two months now, Saw Nyar Kee Htoo's family and others have taken shelter in the forest near Luthaw Township's Ler Mu Plaw area. They are living on rice saved from last year. This year, he said, they have not bee able to harvest their crops, raising concerns over their future livelihoods.

The post 'There Is No Peace for Us' appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

UN Envoy, Bangladesh Rights Chief Discuss Plan to Document Abuses against Rohingya

Posted: 10 May 2018 12:57 AM PDT

DHAKA — The UN special representative on sexual violence in conflict met with Bangladeshi rights officials in Dhaka on Wednesday to discuss ways of documenting the horrific abuses experienced by Rohingya now living in Cox's Bazar as they fled violence in Myanmar.

Pramila Patten held an hour-long closed-door meeting with Bangladesh National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) chairman Kazi Reazul Hoque.

After the meeting, Kazi Reazul said Patten's office "wants to sign a deal with Bangladesh and they have shown us the draft on how UN agencies and Bangladesh NHRC and others can be engaged to document the right abuses the survivors experienced in Myanmar."

"They will also consult with the Foreign Ministry [of Bangladesh]," Kazi Reazul said. "They want to conduct documentation, not investigation."

He said that "as the Myanmar authorities denied the genocide in their land, we want to expose those cases so that those who have still [support Myanmar's view] will be made to understand."

Kazi Reazul said the two officials had also discussed the role of China in the repatriation process. "The UN official believes the repatriation process is complicated, [as] the role of China is significant," he said.

Myanmar has recently strengthened its relations with China and Russia, the NHRC chief said.

"We also believe that unless China is convinced, it is difficult to deal with the Rohingya issue at the UN," he said, adding that, "We have to convince China, as Bangladesh cannot put pressure on it."

"China is our friend. We have to prove it," the rights agency chairman said, adding that, "[Patten] in her last visit had described the facts regarding what kind of atrocities had taken place. But no action can be taken due to China."

Asked whether her office would seek to investigate the abuses, Patten replied in negative, saying, "We do not have a mandate to carry out an investigation."

The UN official, who has a rank within the organization equivalent to an undersecretary general, said she had visited Rohingya in Cox's Bazar. Her report based on meetings with Rohingya survivors was submitted to the United Nations Security Council team that visited Bangladesh and Myanmar recently.

She said her aim was to engage the Bangladesh government and to discuss recent developments in the light of Dhaka's agreements with Myanmar and the UN refugee agency.

With a large UN team, Patten visited Bangladesh between Nov. 5 and 13, 2017, touring several camps and settlements, namely Kutupalong, Unchiprang, Leda, and the Konapara border area. She helped to deploy an interagency technical team comprising representatives of IOM, UNICEF and UNFPA to carry out an initial assessment of the situation.

Over the course of three days, according to her report to the UNSC on Dec. 12, 2017, she heard "the most heartbreaking and horrific accounts of sexual atrocities reportedly committed in cold blood out of a lethal hatred for the Rohingya community based on their ethnicity and religion."

"The accounts were consistent and corroborated by international medical staff and other service providers operating in the area," her earlier statement reads.

On April 30, a UN Security Council delegation visiting Bangladesh conceded that progress toward solving the Rohingya refugee crisis had been slow but denied that there was any resistance from China or Russia.

Nearly 700,000 people have fled Myanmar's northern Rakhine State since late August, when militant attacks on security posts there set off a sweeping military clearance operation that the UN and US have described as ethnic cleansing.

The Myanmar military insists the Rohingya do not constitute a distinct ethnic group and calls them "Bengali", implying they are illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.

The UN team referred to the Rohingya who have fled to Bangladesh simply as "refugees."

The Dhaka-based daily New Age meanwhile reported on May 8 that the International Criminal Court in The Hague has requested Bangladesh provide it with observations and evidence for use in deciding whether the court had jurisdiction to investigate Myanmar's "expulsion" of Rohingyas from the country.

A pre-trial chamber at the court comprising judge Péter Kovács, judge Marc Perrin de Brichambaut and judge Reine Adélaïde Sophie Alapini-Gansou issued an order on Monday asking the registrar of the court to notify the Bangladesh authorities seeking observation and evidence on the matter.

The court passed the order as Fatou Bensouda, the ICC's chief prosecutor, on Wednesday sought a ruling from the court on the question of whether the court may exercise "territorial jurisdiction" to open a probe into the alleged expulsion of Rohingya who have been "intentionally deported across the international border into Bangladesh" from Myanmar.

Bangladesh Foreign Secretary M Shahidul Haque told New Age on Tuesday, "We have received the request of the ICC," adding, "Let's see what we can do."

The post UN Envoy, Bangladesh Rights Chief Discuss Plan to Document Abuses against Rohingya appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Myanmar Policeman Who Said Reuters Reporters Were Framed Details Sting Operation

Posted: 10 May 2018 12:41 AM PDT

YANGON — A Myanmar policeman now serving a prison sentence gave more details to a court on Wednesday about how he says two Reuters reporters were framed by police and said his imprisonment was a warning to other police officers who strive for truth and justice.

Police Captain Moe Yan Naing, 47, who since his original testimony on April 20 has been sentenced to a year in jail for violating police discipline, gave a blow-by-blow account of how he says a police chief ordered subordinates to give “secret” documents to Reuters reporter Ko Wa Lone in a sting operation.

"I want to say my imprisonment shows that the police force has directives and instructions above the law. It could scare off other police members who want to reveal the truth," he told reporters after Wednesday’s court hearing in Yangon.

He told the judge that the documents were easily accessible to officers in the No. 8 Police Security Battalion's received letters file or on its computer and not “secret,” as the prosecution has claimed. Capt. Moe Yan Naing served in the battalion until his arrest.

“I gave the testimony as I know and as I saw,” the police captain told reporters after the hearing. He said he did not regret giving his testimony.

Lead prosecutor U Kyaw Min Aung did not respond to a request for comment after the hearing.

Myanmar government spokesman U Zaw Htay said: “It will be carried out according to the law. The court is free, impartial, independent and reliable. We guarantee that the defendants will have their own rights, which means choosing their own lawyers, etc.”

The court has been holding hearings since January to decide whether Ko Wa Lone 32, and his Reuters colleague Ko Kyaw Soe Oo, 28, will be charged under the colonial-era Official Secrets Act, which carries a maximum penalty of 14 years in prison.

At the time of their arrest in December, the reporters had been working on an investigation into the killing of 10 Rohingya Muslim men and boys in a village in western Myanmar’s Rakhine State. The killings took place during an army crackdown that United Nations agencies say sent nearly 700,000 people fleeing to Bangladesh.

Document trap

In an account that closely followed his original testimony, but went into greater detail, Capt. Moe Yan Naing said that on Dec. 12 — hours before the reporters were arrested — he was among six officers who had previously been contacted by Ko Wa Lone who were interrogated by the Police Special Branch.

The internal investigation was led Police Brigadier General Tin Ko Ko, according to Capt. Moe Yan Naing.

When Brig. Gen. Tin Ko Ko found out that one of the six, Lance Corporal Naing Lin, had been in contact with Ko Wa Lone but had not met him in person, he ordered Lance Cpl. Naing Lin to use his phone to arrange a meeting with Ko Wa Lone that evening.

“I know that Police Brigadier General Tin Ko Ko instructed Police Lance Corporal Naing Lin to give Wa Lone documents related to our frontline activities in order to have him arrested,” Capt. Moe Yan Naing told Judge Ye Lwin, who was overseeing the proceedings.

Capt. Moe Yan Naing said Brig. Gen. Tin Ko Ko told the policemen involved that if they did not “get Wa Lone” they would be detained.

Reuters has been unable to contact Brig. Gen. Tin Ko Ko or Lance Cpl. Naing Lin for comment. A police spokesman said after Capt. Moe Yan Naing’s previous testimony that the brigadier general “has no reason to do such a thing.”

Family evicted

Prosecutors had originally called Capt. Moe Yan Naing as a witness, but asked the court to declare him unreliable after his testimony appeared to undermine their case. The judge rejected that application last week.

Capt. Moe Yan Naing was brought to court in shackles and wearing a dark blue prison uniform, in contrast to his first appearance last month when he had worn his police captain’s uniform and was not handcuffed.

He said he had been convicted and sentenced in his absence and still did not know which court had handed down the punishment.

Capt. Moe Yan Naing has said he spoke to Ko Wa Lone in late November about police operations in Rakhine. He said Ko Wa Lone introduced himself as a reporter and interviewed Capt. Moe Yan Naing at a teashop inside the headquarters of the 8th Police Security Battalion.

Capt. Moe Yan Naing’s 42-year-old wife, Daw Tu Tu, listened to Wednesday’s proceedings from the side of the courtroom. Together with their three children, she was evicted from police housing in the capital, Naypyitaw, the day after Capt. Moe Yan Naing’s first testimony. The family has since moved in with Capt. Moe Yan Naing’s father in his native town of Khin U, in central Myanmar.

Police have said the eviction was unrelated to the reporters’ case and that the family had been overdue to move out of the apartment.

Ko Wa Lone told journalists after the hearing that Capt. Moe Yan Naing “bravely proved that in our society there are people who adore the truth and justice.”

The post Myanmar Policeman Who Said Reuters Reporters Were Framed Details Sting Operation appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Leeds United Manager Says Team in Myanmar ‘for Football’

Posted: 09 May 2018 10:30 PM PDT

YANGON — The manager of English football club Leeds United shrugged off criticism of the team's visit to Myanmar on Wednesday, saying the club was in the country only "for football".

The team flew to Myanmar this week for a pre-season tour despite a military crackdown that Britain, the U.S. and others have denounced as ethnic cleansing of the minority Rohingya in the country's northwest.

"We are just here for football," said manager Paul Heckingbottom after his side lost a 2-1 friendly to Myanmar's National League all-stars at Yangon football stadium.

Rosena Allin-Khan, spokeswoman for sport for Britain's opposition Labour Party, said on Twitter that she had written to Leeds urging the club to cancel the planned tour.

Rohingya insurgent attacks on security posts in Myanmar's Rakhine State in August sparked a military crackdown that, according to the United Nations and rights groups, sent nearly 700,000 Rohingya fleeing to camps in Bangladesh.

The UN said the military action amounted to ethnic cleansing. Myanmar denies the accusation, saying it was engaged in legitimate counterinsurgency operations.

Leeds said last month it was visiting Myanmar to support the country's goals for grass-roots and elite football development.

Aside from friendly matches, the team said it will conduct football clinics with Myanmar Football Federation academies in Yangon and Mandalay and visit cultural sites.

The post Leeds United Manager Says Team in Myanmar 'for Football' appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

At 92, Former Strongman Mahathir is Malaysia’s Comeback Kid

Posted: 09 May 2018 10:08 PM PDT

KUALA LUMPUR — Malaysia's Mahathir Mohamad has never lost an election campaign. He maintained that record and created another one on Thursday when, at 92, he was set to be sworn in as the world's oldest elected leader.

"Yes, yes, I am still alive," a sprightly looking Mahathir said at a 3 a.m. news conference in which he claimed victory over the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition that has ruled the nation since independence six decades ago.

Mahathir led the coalition as Malaysia's prime minister for 22 years, starting in 1981. As one of the country's most eminent leaders, he was pugnacious, uncompromising and intolerant of dissent, but turned Malaysia from a sleepy backwater into one of the world's modern industrialized nations.

He was never far from the headlines in retirement, and two years ago he came back to active politics, this time in the ranks of the opposition, vowing to oust his protégé Najib Razak from the prime minister's chair over a financial scandal at the state investment fund 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB).

In his crusade, Mahathir eventually quit the ruling United Malay National Organization (UMNO), which he had helped build, and ceded all his government advisory roles.

"During his time, I was a strong opponent of Mahathir," said Joseph Paul, 70, a retired social worker who joined thousands of people in the capital Kuala Lumpur to celebrate Mahathir's win.

"Well, politics they say is the art of the possible, so if he comes in to get rid of another evil, why not?"

Stunning result

Official results early on Thursday showed that Mahathir's Pakatan Harapan (Alliance of Hope) had won 113 of parliament's 222 seats, clinching the simple majority required to rule in the country's most stunning election result. The nonagenarian is scheduled to be sworn in as prime minister later in the day.

In his earlier stint as prime minister, Mahathir's aggressive diplomacy needled countries like Britain and the U.S., with comments such as one, on the eve of his retirement, that Jews ruled the world by proxy.

He was once described as a "menace to his country" by financier George Soros, whom Mahathir famously derided as a "moron" in an attack on foreign currency traders during the Asian financial crisis of 1998.

He also spent years squabbling with his old rival and another towering figure in Asian politics, the late Singapore leader Lee Kuan Yew.

Modernization

Mahathir grew up in the rural heartland of Malaysia, then a British colony, witnessing severe food shortages during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

He was a medical doctor before becoming Malaysia's fourth prime minister in 1981 and kicking off a mission of modernization.

Bridges and six-lane highways crisscrossed Malaysia in his development blitz, capped off with a lavish new administrative capital, and the world's tallest structure when it was built, the 88-storey Petronas twin towers in Kuala Lumpur.

The activity helped win Mahathir the title "Father of Modern Malaysia," but he was known for his strong-arm rule, although he fell short of some southeast Asian peers in ruthlessness.

Mahathir used security laws to put his political opponents behind bars. His critics say he restricted free speech and persecuted political opponents — none more so than his former deputy, Anwar Ibrahim, who remains in jail on charges of sodomy and corruption.

Mahathir has joined hands with Anwar in this campaign and has promised to seek a royal pardon for him. He has vowed to then step aside and let Anwar be prime minister.

Mahathir was masterly in playing to the feelings of the mainly Muslim ethnic Malay majority. His 1970 book, "The Malay Dilemma," argued that ethnic Malays, whom he called the nation's rightful owners, were being eclipsed economically by ethnic Chinese.

Faced with a leadership challenge after just five years in office, Mahathir detained more than 100 opposition politicians, academics and social activists without trial, under internal security laws.

Huge gamble

During the 1998 Asian financial crisis, he took a huge gamble in tackling twin economic and political crises by sacking Anwar and then going against the advice of the International Monetary Fund to impose capital and currency controls that saved the economy.

Anwar took on Mahathir, turning overnight into an opposition politician, bringing tens of thousands of people onto the streets, shouting "Reformasi".

Anwar was later charged with sodomy and corruption, but Mahathir denied orchestrating the charges. After his release, he was jailed again during Najib's rule on the same charges.

Mahathir continued to wield power in UMNO even after he handed over in 2003. He backed Najib, the son of Malaysia's second prime minister, as the premier in 2009.

But in 2015 he urged Najib to step down over the corruption scandal at state fund 1MDB.

In an interview in March, he said he would keep up the battle against Najib even if he lost this election.

"I will be in my late 90s and physically not as strong," he said. "But if I am well enough, I will continue the struggle."

He also seems to have accepted he made mistakes in rule, writing in a blog post in January that people and the media never failed to point out he presided over an authoritarian government for 22 years.

"Looking back now, I realize why, as Prime Minister of Malaysia I was described as a dictator,” Mahathir wrote. "There were many things I did which were typically dictatorial."

The post At 92, Former Strongman Mahathir is Malaysia's Comeback Kid appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Foreign Journalists Quit Cambodia Paper in Protest at Perceived Interference

Posted: 09 May 2018 09:55 PM PDT

PHNOM PENH — As many as 13 foreign journalists resigned from Cambodia’s Phnom Penh Post newspaper this week in protest at what they called editorial interference following its sale to a Malaysian businessman.

The sale of the English-language newspaper, announced over the weekend, came amid increasing concern about a crackdown by long-serving Prime Minister Hun Sen against his critics ahead of a general election set for July 29.

Another English-language paper, the Cambodia Daily, shut down last year after the government gave it a month to settle a $6.3 million tax bill. A third English-language paper, the Khmer Times, is owned by another Malaysian and takes a pro-government stance.

The resignations on Monday and Tuesday followed the announcement of the sale of the paper by Australian mining magnate Bill Clough, who has owned it since 2008, to Malaysian investor Sivakumar Ganapathy, whose public relations firm lists Hun Sen as a client.

The resignations of as many as 13 editors and reporters leave no foreign journalists at the paper, which has built a reputation for independent reporting that can be critical of the government on issues such as illegal logging and corruption.

“We did what we felt we had to do to maintain our journalistic integrity,” one of the journalists who resigned, Andrew Nachemson, an American, told Reuters.

“It was a difficult and very personal decision, and I wish all my Cambodian colleagues the best.”

Ganapathy did not immediately respond to telephone calls from Reuters on Wednesday to seek comment.

Representatives of Ganapathy on Monday ordered the removal from the newspaper’s website of an article critical of the sale, several reporters said.

The incident led to the firing of the editor-in-chief, Kay Kimsong, a Cambodian, after he refused to take down the article, Kimsong told Reuters.

In a statement on Monday, Ganapathy said the article, since removed, was a “disgrace and an insult to the independence claim of the newspaper.”

International rights groups and journalism bodies have said they fear the sale of the paper, founded in 1992, could signal the end of independent media in Cambodia ahead of the July vote.

“This is just the latest in a series of attacks which have devastated Cambodia’s media landscape since mid-2017,” a group of more than 70 Cambodian civil society groups said in a joint statement on Wednesday.

“The Phnom Penh Post was Cambodia’s last remaining independent English-Khmer language daily, and its change of ownership raises serious questions about the paper’s continued independence.”

The Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Thailand said it was “dismayed”.

“Such tactics obviously jeopardize any hope of maintaining a moderately free press in Cambodia, but should also be of grave concern to all investors in the country who may find themselves on the wrong side of officialdom or vested interests with no viable legal recourse,” it said.

Ganapathy is the managing director of Asia Public Relations Consultants Sdn Bhd, based in Malaysia, whose website referred to “Cambodia and Hun Sen’s entry into the government seat” as one of its projects.

When a Reuters journalist visited the firm’s office in Kuala Lumpur on Tuesday, the door was locked and nobody responded to rings on the doorbell.

Phone calls to a representative for the firm seeking comment went unanswered on Wednesday.

The post Foreign Journalists Quit Cambodia Paper in Protest at Perceived Interference appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

UN Security Council Pushes Myanmar on Accountability Over Rohingya

Posted: 09 May 2018 09:12 PM PDT

UNITED NATIONS — The United Nations Security Council urged Myanmar's government on Wednesday to carry out transparent investigations into accusations of violence against mainly Rohingya Muslims in the country's Rakhine State and to allow immediate aid access to the region.

Despite initial resistance by China to the Security Council pressing Myanmar on accountability, the 15-member body reached consensus agreement on the British-drafted statement.

The move follows a visit by council envoys to Bangladesh and Myanmar last week to see firsthand the aftermath of a Myanmar military crackdown that Britain, the United States and others have denounced as ethnic cleansing of the minority Rohingya. Myanmar denies ethnic cleansing.

Fleeing refugees have reported killings, rapes and arson on a large scale. Myanmar has said its operations in Rakhine were a legitimate response to attacks on security forces by Rohingya insurgents.

"The members of the Security Council, in light of the importance of undertaking transparent investigations into allegations of human rights abuses and violations, urge the government of Myanmar to fulfill, based on respect for the rule of law, its stated commitment to holding accountable perpetrators of violence, including sexual violence and abuse and violence against children," the council statement said.

Rohingya insurgent attacks on security posts in Rakhine in August last year sparked a military operation that has sent nearly 700,000 Rohingya fleeing to refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. Security Council envoys visited those vast camps last week.

The statement said they "were struck by the scale of the humanitarian crisis and remain gravely concerned by the current situation." They also noted the "widespread destruction of villages" in Rakhine.

They also met with Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and Myanmar’s de facto leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and traveled to Rakhine State, where the violence erupted.

The council urged Myanmar to conclude an agreement "in the coming days" with the UN refugee agency, the UNHCR, and the UN Development Program on aid access in Rakhine and help with repatriating refugees from Bangladesh.

The Security Council also said it intends to discuss how it can work with Bangladesh, Myanmar and the United Nations "to resolve the crisis and create the conditions allowing the safe, voluntary, and dignified repatriation of refugees to their homes in Rakhine State."

The prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has asked the court to rule on whether it has jurisdiction over the deportations of Rohingyas to Bangladesh, a possible crime against humanity.

Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s government has expressed “serious concern” over the move at the ICC. Bangladesh is a member of the ICC but Myanmar is not. Human rights groups have called on the UN Security Council to adopt a resolution referring the situation in Myanmar to the court.

The post UN Security Council Pushes Myanmar on Accountability Over Rohingya appeared first on The Irrawaddy.
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