The Irrawaddy Magazine

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• NLD Departures Expose Rift Over Candidate List
• FDI Unfazed by Election Year Uncertainty: Investment Body
• In Chiang Mai? Party With a Purpose at Flood Relief Event
• Shwedagon High-Rise Developments to be Relocated Soon: MIC
• Six Elephants in Kyaukpadaung to be Helped Home
• Chin Govt Requests $15.5m Flood Rehabilitation Grant
• Lower House Adjourns Last Pre-Vote Session
• Suu Kyi Calls for Prompt but ‘Meaningful’ Peace Pact
• US Backs Sri Lanka’s War Crimes Probe
• Bangkok Bomb Takes Toll on Thai Tourism
• 5 Dead Amid New Communal Protest Clashes in India

NLD Departures Expose Rift Over Candidate List Posted: 27 Aug 2015 06:09 AM PDT A Rangoon trishaw driver displays his support for the NLD.(Steve Tickner) RANGOON — At least 41 members of Burma's main opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), have been expelled over the last month, officials confirmed, revealing discord among the party's leadership closing in on a landmark election. Several of those dismissed cited reasons including "causing dissent" within the party. NLD spokesperson Nyan Win confirmed that a number of members had been removed but declined to elaborate, remarking only that, "I don't know how many." Members of NLD chapters in Pakokku, Hlegu and Meiktila have been expelled, he confirmed, but declined to offer an official reason. Ten members of the Pakokku chapter of the NLD were dismissed earlier this month, including five central committee members, after participating in a protest against the party's candidate selection. The final list of nominees controversially excluded prominent members of the 88 Generation pro-democracy activist movement, as well as other public figures who were expected to make the cut. Twenty-one members were similarly purged from the party in Hlegu, while another 10 were cut in Meiktila, NLD sources have confirmed. The reasons for their expulsion are still unclear. Kyaw Thein, a former central committee member for the Mektila chapter until his sudden dismissal a few weeks ago, told The Irrawaddy on Thursday that he and five other central committee seatholders along with four rank-and-file members were kicked out of the party with no advance warning. "They accused us of wanting to cause dissent," he said, adding that he and several others are now planning to contest as independents in the upcoming election. Other recent departures from the NLD, which is widely expected to fare well in the Nov. 8 vote, have also opted to compete against them. Two former senior members of the NLD in Karen State joined the Karen National Party (KNP), just in time to meet the deadline for candidacy rosters, KNP general secretary Mann Kyaw Nyein confirmed on Thursday. In response to the defectors, NLD central committee member Nan Khin Htwe Myint told The Irrawaddy that the party stands by its decision and that the two ex-members' acted unprofessionally by joining another ticket. "Our decision was not wrong, and their attitude was the worst I have ever encountered in politics," she said. Disagreements seem to have spilled beyond the party's leadership, as reports have begun to surface that members are leaving the party in droves. Chief of the NLD in Sagaing Division's Khandi District, Sae Sae Naung, confirmed that 375 people abandoned the chapter because they felt the leadership was overlooking their concerns about who should contest. In Irrawaddy Division, Pathein District NLD chairman Than Ngwe said his office had received nearly 2,000 complaint letters from disappointed members, some of them warning that they plan to switch allegiances. The vast majority of complaints were related to the party's choice of candidates, he said. About 180 of the division's disillusioned opposition members have officially resigned from the party, the chairman said, urging others to stay put. "I am also trying to do my best," he said, "and explain to many people that they need to be patient." The post NLD Departures Expose Rift Over Candidate List appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

FDI Unfazed by Election Year Uncertainty: Investment Body Posted: 27 Aug 2015 05:18 AM PDT Pedestrians in Rangoon walk past signs for Visa and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in June. RANGOON — Citing strong figures through the first four months of the fiscal year, Burma's investment commission says it is confident that foreign investment will not be negatively impacted by the political uncertainty that surrounds a general election due Nov. 8. Aung Naing Oo, secretary of the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC), said the cloudy political outlook had not made foreign investors gun-shy from April to July, with government data showing a threefold rise in foreign investment when compared with figures over the same period in 2014. "[Comparing] the number of projects that we've approved last year and this year, the project total has almost doubled, and in terms of financing, the number has increased more than three times this year," he told The Irrawaddy on Wednesday. According to MIC data, last year's April-July period saw the commission approve 39 projects totaling US$810 million. The same period this year saw 71 projects approved at a valuation of $2.65 billion. "There are still almost 40 projects left requiring approval for this year," Aung Naing Oo said, adding that investment projects tied to the Thilawa special economic zone (SEZ) worth $400 million were not included in the figures for the first four months of 2015-16. "Our schedule of FDI expectation for this year is $6 billion, but it will be higher than what we expect, like last year," Aung Naing Oo said. Some investors thought if they set up their business before the election, they would be ready next year. Last year, though the government forecast $5 billion in FDI, the figure reached $8 billion. Myat Thin Aung, chairman of the Hlaing Thayar Industrial Zone, said rather than wait on the results of the November vote, some investors were seeking an early-mover advantage. "Some investors thought if they set up their business before the election, they would be ready next year. Most of them are from the manufacturing sector, such as garment makers," he said. "Garment factories are still coming, even though there is the election, but for heavy industry, it will lag as the government still can't provide electricity and land for investors," Myat Thin Aung said. Last year's record $8 billion in FDI was a doubling of the country's 2013-14 total. Despite MIC's approval of $8 billion in foreign investment in 2014-15, Aung Naing Oo said only $3 billion had entered the country last year. "It's typical; for example, though they've pledged to invest $10 million, it will come as $6 million in equipment, then the rest comes in cash year by year," he said. Currently, the top foreign investment sectors in Burma are power (33 percent), manufacturing (22 percent), oil and gas (20 percent), telecommunications (11 percent), and hotels and tourism (5 percent), according to MIC data. Singapore was the top foreign investor through the first four months of the current fiscal year, with commitments totaling $1.6 billion. The Netherlands ($430 million) and India ($219 million) were second and third. The post FDI Unfazed by Election Year Uncertainty: Investment Body appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

In Chiang Mai? Party With a Purpose at Flood Relief Event Posted: 27 Aug 2015 04:19 AM PDT A bridge swept away by flash floods between Tedim and Tonzang in Chin State. (Photo: Mungte / CHRO) RANGOON — For those of you in Chiang Mai, you're well advised to spend your Friday night partying for a good cause at a fundraiser for flood relief efforts in Burma's remote Chin State. Featuring live music, theatrical performances, Burmese delicacies and loads of handmade goods for purchase, the event has no cover charge but organizers hope you'll come prepared to chip in. All proceeds go directly to the Chin Committee on Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation (CCERR). The party starts at 6pm on Friday at Sangdee Gallery, kicking off with Southeast Asia sound aficionado DJ Isherferbrains spinning soul, funk and Thai traditional Luk Thung music on 45rpm vinyl. Performances throughout the evening will include an acoustic set of traditional music from northern Burma's Kachin State. If you missed Erin Kamler's musical "Land of Smiles" during its Chiang Mai debut in 2013, here's your chance. On Friday, Kamler will perform several tracks from her acclaimed critique of anti-human trafficking efforts. Raffle tickets will be on sale for, among other things, limited edition photographic prints by Brennan O'Connor, must-read books on Burma and unique handmade textiles donated by the Kachin Women's Association of Thailand. Additional items will also be available for purchase. Event organizer Sam Cartmell promises "a fun night with delicious food and entertaining musical performances," all for a great cause. Chin State, in northwestern Burma, was among the hardest hit by flooding related to Cyclone Komen in late July and early August. Regarded as Burma's poorest state, many of its nearly half a million people were affected, having lost homes, crops and what few roads connected them to trade. The mountainous region has been particularly hard to access for relief workers; the threat of landslides remains even as ravaged roads and bridges are slowly being repaired by the state government. Lack of access has led to acute food shortages in some of the more remote areas. Proceeds from Friday's event will be channeled through the Chin Human Rights Organization directly to the CCERR, which provides immediate humanitarian relief such as food and shelter for thousands of people affected by the crisis. The CCERR is also involved in a statewide planning effort for long-term reconstruction, and has helped to draft a new multi-level disaster response framework to avoid future dangers for marginalized, at-risk communities. Sangdee Gallery and Café is located at 5 Sirimankhalajarn Soi 5, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Friday's event will run from 6 to 10pm. For those who can't make it but would like to donate directly, please visit http://chro.ca/.   The post In Chiang Mai? Party With a Purpose at Flood Relief Event appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Shwedagon High-Rise Developments to be Relocated Soon: MIC Posted: 27 Aug 2015 04:10 AM PDT Balloons float above the former Dagon City 1 sales office near Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon earlier this year. (Photo: Steve Tickner / The Irrawaddy) RANGOON — The relocation of five cancelled developments planned near Rangoon's Shwedagon Pagoda is likely to be finalized by the end of the year, according to the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC). At a press conference on Wednesday, MIC secretary Aung Naing Oo reiterated earlier comments that developments would be relocated elsewhere in Rangoon to compensate for the government's July cancellation, but added the onus has fallen on project backers to seek suitable sites. Land owned by government departments would be offered as potential development sites, and the MIC would ask the relevant ministry whether the land could be made available, the secretary added. "If they agree, the ministry and companies will have to negotiate the rest. It will take time but should be completed this year," he said. "The companies have also proposed their preferences but the government has yet to approve any so far. When pressed, Aung Naing Oo would not disclose the location of the sites under consideration. He added that the government had not set a deadline to finalize the relocation, but said the government and affected companies had agreed to conclude an agreement on project sites "as soon as possible". The five projects, including the high-profile Dagon City 1 luxury condominium development, were suspended by the MIC in January pending a review. Critics claimed the developments risked structural damage to Shwedagon Pagoda, Burma's most sacred religious site. Amid opposition from architects, lawmakers and the Buddhist clergy, and on the recommendation of both the MIC and the Ministry of Defense—the original owner of the 71-acre allotment—President Thein Sein announced the cancellation of the developments in July. "The government…does not want to damage religious edifices and objects of cultural heritage such as Shwedagon Pagoda for development, and held negotiations with the companies to cancel the projects," read a statement from Thein Sein's office at the time.  Additional reporting by Kyaw Hsu Mon. The post Shwedagon High-Rise Developments to be Relocated Soon: MIC appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Six Elephants in Kyaukpadaung to be Helped Home Posted: 27 Aug 2015 04:01 AM PDT Six wild elephants that originally dwelled in the jungle near Natmauk make their way along a ridge in Mandalay Division. (Photo: Popa Lovers Association / Facebook) Forestry department officials said on Thursday that six elephants currently in the area of Mandalay Division's Kyaukpadaung Township will be herded back to their native abode in the Pegu Yoma jungle near Natmauk, Magwe Division, after a man was killed and three others injured in an incident on Tuesday. "We are preparing to take them back slowly. We will not harm them and will let them walk back naturally. We have talked to our officers already and we will start our plan to send them back soon," said Sithu Won Tun, a forestry department officer from Natmauk. According to Sithu Won Tun, officials had first planned to tranquilize the elephants using chloroform but ultimately opted for a less intrusive course of action. The elephants will be herded the over 60 miles distance to the jungle near Natmauk with the help of several tame elephants. The rescue team searched all day for the wild pachyderms in the Kyaukpadaung jungle on Wednesday before finally locating them at around 6 pm. Sithu Won Tun said his team had been forced to climb trees to seek cover on several occasions as the elephants approached them. Authorities are informing and educating locals along the route the elephants will be driven, Sithu Won Tun said. "We have told the local people not to follow the elephants when we are sending them back and not to make any noise" that would disturb them, he said. One person was killed and three others injured on Tuesday after they approached the elephants and tried to take photos in Kyaukpadaung. Ah Kar Min, a local journalist with the Democratic Voice of Burma, said he had seen the elephants in the course of his reporting over the last four days. "They do not seem to want to harm people and don't even destroy locals' gardens," he said. The state-run Global New Light of Myanmar reported on Tuesday that President Thein Sein had agreed that the elephants should be herded away from populated areas. The community-based group, the Popa Lovers Association, said in a Facebook post on Tuesday that the six elephants were like refugees who had been forced from their usual habitat in the jungle to find a new sanctuary. The group said it was sad to see locals chase and frighten them.   The post Six Elephants in Kyaukpadaung to be Helped Home appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Chin Govt Requests $15.5m Flood Rehabilitation Grant Posted: 27 Aug 2015 03:48 AM PDT Collapsed and damaged houses in Hakha, the Chin State capital where torrential rains triggered landslides and forced scores of people from their homes. (Photo: Bk Lian / Facebook) RANGOON — The Chin State government has requested a grant of more than 20 billion kyats (US$15.5 million) from the Union government for rehabilitation projects in the flood-battered northwestern state. The remote and mountainous region, home to about 478,000 people, suffered severe economic losses due to recent floods and landslides that destroyed some 2,000 of the state's buildings and damaged many of its roads, further complicating recovery. "We've submitted a proposal to the Union government for more than 20 billion kyats required for rehabilitation," Chin State Forestry Minister Kyaw Nyein told The Irrawaddy. "We hope the government will grant it as the President [Thein Sein] has said that rehabilitation is imperative in these [severely damaged] places." Structures including houses, schools, religious buildings, bridges and government offices were affected by the extreme weather leading up to and throughout the landing of Cyclone Komen in Bangladesh on July 30. The hardest hit areas were the state capital Hakha, Matupi, Mindat, Paletwa, Tedim and Tonzang, according to the state government. More than 950 buildings were destroyed in Paletwa alone, and more than 800 in Hakha. The minister said the proposed funding would cover rebuilding of education and health facilities, departmental offices, transport routes and homes. The state has already prepared about 4,000 tons of wood for reconstruction projects, he added. Transportation of relief materials has been difficult in the wake of the disaster, he said, as the states entire road network suffered serious damage. The state government has already carried out minor repairs on the Kale-Falam-Hakha highway, which links the state capital to central Burma, and the  Hakha-Thantlang road. Both are now open for small vehicles. The Hakha-Matupi and Hakha-Gangaw roads are still out of service, the minister said. Due to the difficulty of reaching certain areas, the state government is now delivering food aid, makeshift tents and other relief items to Matupi via Mindat and to Paletwa by way of Kyauktaw in neighboring Arakan State. Recovery efforts are currently focused on delivering food and other essential items, according to the minister, while rebuilding efforts are expected to begin in mid-October at the end of the monsoon season. At present, the state has registered 375 collapsed or damaged houses in Hakha and another 318 found unfit for habitation. Those households, located in three wards deemed to be in danger of future catastrophe, are to be relocated to another part of the town, according to Hakha Township administrator Thein Zaw. The relocation site, near the entrance to the capital, was originally slated for a police training academy, will be evaluated and built up for residential purposes as soon as possible, he said. "It's not that the entire town needs to be moved," said Thein Zaw, referring to earlier rumors that the capital could be relocated to another township. "As the Hakha-Gangaw road is still out of commission it is difficult to bring in building materials. We'll work to build those homes as soon as possible." More than 5,000 residents of the capital remain homeless and sheltering at Khaing Hall, No. 1 Basic Education High School, local churches and seven emergency camps throughout the town, locals said, where they are provided with food and tents by the state government. A grassroots relief movement has also grown out of the ethnic Chin diaspora throughout the region. For in northern Thailand, a fundraiser will be held on Friday, Aug. 28 in Chiang Mai, with proceeds channeled directly to the Chin Committee on Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation.   The post Chin Govt Requests $15.5m Flood Rehabilitation Grant appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Lower House Adjourns Last Pre-Vote Session Posted: 27 Aug 2015 03:23 AM PDT Union Parliament and Lower House Speaker Shwe Mann is pictured at the opening of the legislature's latest session on Aug. 18, 2015.(JPaing / The Irrawaddy) Union Parliament Speaker Shwe Mann announced on Thursday that the legislature's Lower House would adjourn until after Burma's Nov. 8 general election. The speaker said the full Lower House would not convene again until after the much-anticipated poll, while some parliamentary committees would continue to meet. "The term of the current Parliament runs until Jan. 31, 2016, and the lawmakers of this Lower House still have a responsibility to participate in meetings, and to listen and work for the people until then," said Shwe Mann, as he bid farewell to lawmakers in Naypyidaw. The lower chamber has had a productive session, bringing 96 draft laws to the floor and passing 80 bills for consideration by the Upper House, leaving only 16 pieces of legislation—including a national budget bill—on the table pending further discussion. In calling the session to a close, Shwe Mann urged parliamentarians to do their part ensure that a free and fair election takes place in November. "Lawmakers should also work for a free, fair and transparent election, as well as the stability of the country—before, after and during the election. If not, the country's democratization will be affected and the people will be the one who suffer the most," he said. A lawmaker from the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), who asked not to be named, said one more session of the sitting Parliament would likely be called following the November election. "After the election and before convening the new Parliament with newly elected lawmakers, there will be another session of Parliament to enact important laws," he told The Irrawaddy. The Union Election Commission (UEC) has said that the official election campaign season will run from Sept. 8 to Nov. 6. The Union Parliament, the joint session of the legislature's upper and lower chambers, is also expected to adjourn this week. Parliament's last pre-election session opened on Aug. 18, less than a week after Shwe Mann was unceremoniously dumped from the chairmanship of the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP). Parliament went on to discuss but defer a proposed bill on impeachment of sitting lawmakers—legislation that had direct implications for the speaker—and passed two controversial laws on marriage and religious conversion. On Aug. 19, the Upper House called quits on its session until after the election, citing lawmakers' desire to return to their constituencies to assist in flood relief efforts and prepare for the upcoming election.     The post Lower House Adjourns Last Pre-Vote Session appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Suu Kyi Calls for Prompt but ‘Meaningful’ Peace Pact Posted: 27 Aug 2015 01:21 AM PDT Burma's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi addresses her supporters in Rangoon's Thanlyin Township on August 21, 2015. (Photo: Hein Htet / The Irrawaddy) The leader of Burma's main opposition party, Aung San Suu Kyi, said on Thursday she wished to see a "meaningful" nationwide ceasefire agreement (NCA) concluded as soon as possible, appearing to clarify comments attributed to her the previous day. On Wednesday, National League for Democracy (NLD) executive committee member Win Htein was quoted by The Associated Press saying the opposition leader had cautioned ethnic groups against a rushed agreement. "Suu Kyi said ethnic groups will have to consider not signing the nationwide ceasefire agreement before the Nov. 8 general election," Win Htein said. Suu Kyi's remarks were reportedly made during a meeting on Saturday with Harn Yawnghwe of the Euro-Burma Office and Maj. Htoo Htoo Lay of the Karen National Union, a major ethnic armed group that has already expressed its willingness to sign the long-awaited nationwide pact. Speaking on Radio Free Asia's bi-weekly program "Hard Road to Democracy" on Thursday morning, Suu Kyi said "we want the NCA signed quickly," adding that it must be a "meaningful and sustainable accord, as there are examples in world history where ceasefire agreements can be easily violated." Peace will only occur if all stakeholders sign a ceasefire agreement which is honored by all sides, she told Radio Free Asia. Win Htein could not be reached for comment on Thursday but spokesperson Nyan Win told The Irrawaddy that the NLD leader's comments to RFA accurately reflected the party's stance. "I was not in the meeting but I was told by the ethnic leaders that the [Associated Press] news story was wrong and it was not in their discussion," Nyan Win said. "We have party spokespersons. If such news is released by non-spokespersons, we cannot take responsibility." Suu Kyi will be a signatory to the NCA when it is concluded, according to Nyan Win. Following a five-day meeting of ethnic leaders which ended on Monday, chief government negotiator Aung Min proposed a meeting on Sept. 9 that would include President Thein Sein and representatives of eight ethnic armed groups, according to Hla Maung Shwe of the Myanmar Peace Center (MPC). That meeting date was confirmed on Thursday, according to the MPC. The ethnic leaders included in the talks are the KNU's chairman Mutu Sae Poe, the Kachin Independence Organization's vice chairman General N'Ban La, New Mon State Party chairman Nai Htaw Mon, Karenni National Progressive Party chairman Khun Abel Tweet, and Shan State Progressive Party patron Lt-General Say Htin. Also invited are three members of the ethnics' negotiating bloc, the Senior Delegation, Naw Zipporah Sein of the KNU, Dr La Ja of the KIO, and Pu Zing Cung of the Chin National Front.   The post Suu Kyi Calls for Prompt but 'Meaningful' Peace Pact appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

US Backs Sri Lanka’s War Crimes Probe Posted: 26 Aug 2015 09:30 PM PDT The body Tamil leader Vellupillai Prabhakaran is carried on a stretcher through a group of Sri Lankan soldiers on May 19, 2009. (Photo: Reuters) COLOMBO — The United States said Wednesday that it wants to sponsor a resolution at next month’s UN human rights session that is supportive of Sri Lanka’s government, which wants to conduct its own investigation into alleged war crimes. The announcement by the visiting Assistant Secretary of State Nisha Biswal of a joint resolution with the Sri Lankan government presents a major shift by Washington on the South Asian island nation. “The United States has announced on Monday in Geneva that it will be offering a resolution in the September session of the Human Rights Council. We have also expressed our hope that it will be a resolution which we hope to offer collaboratively, working with the government of Sri Lanka and with other key stakeholders,” she said. The US was in the forefront in adopting three resolutions at the UN human rights sessions on Sri Lanka, the last of which last year called for an international independent investigation into the alleged abuses. Biswal said, however, the US now supports a local investigation that the new Sri Lanka government of President Maithripala Sirisena has promised. Tom Malinowski, assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights and labor, who accompanied Biswal, said that the new government’s approach in dealing with the issues had resulted in the US softening. “A hallmark of this government’s approach to these difficult issues has been that it has defended the interests of Sri Lanka without being defensive, without denying painful facts and trying to discredit critics,” he said. The American officials did not say what the new resolution would contain, but said it will follow a report by the UN Human Rights Council scheduled to be released next month. Relations between the US and Sri Lanka were strained under previous President Mahinda Rajapaksa, who oversaw a military campaign that defeated separatist Tamil Tiger rebels six years ago and ended a decades-long civil war. Both sides were accused of serious human rights violations amounting to war crimes, and an earlier UN report said some 40,000 ethnic Tamil civilians were killed in just the last few months of the fighting, largely as a result of the government’s shelling.     The post US Backs Sri Lanka’s War Crimes Probe appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Bangkok Bomb Takes Toll on Thai Tourism Posted: 26 Aug 2015 09:19 PM PDT Thai classical dancers prepare their costumes before performing at Bangkok's Erawan shrine, the site of the deadly blast on Aug. 17. (Photo: Athit Perawongmetha / Reuters) BANGKOK — Thailand’s worst-ever bombing has caused a 17 percent fall in tourist arrivals, putting pressure on revenues vital to the military government’s moves to resuscitate a struggling economy. Average daily arrivals to Thailand fell from 85,000 before the deadly Aug. 17 attack to 70,000 at present, the tourism ministry said on Wednesday, but officials were confident the slump was temporary and said annual targets remained unchanged. Fourteen foreigners—seven from mainland China and Hong Kong—were among the 20 people killed in the attack at a famous Hindu shrine in Bangkok’s commercial heart, for which the key suspect remains at large. “The tourism impact…will probably be a short-term impact,” Tourism and Sports Minister Kobkarn Wattanavrangkul told a news conference. “Tourism will definitely pick up in the fourth quarter.” The government is aiming for 28.8 million arrivals and 2.2 trillion baht ($61.82 billion) in revenue this year from tourism, which has become even more crucial as Southeast Asia’s second-biggest economy stutters amid weak exports, manufacturing and retail spending. The national planning agency has revised down its annual economic growth forecast to 2.7-3.2 percent this year, although experts say that is unrealistic. Growth was just 0.4 percent in April-June from the previous quarter. With a draw of top-class beaches, food and entertainment, Thailand’s tourism makes up about 10 percent of GDP. The kingdom had 2.1 million visitors between Aug. 1 and Aug 23, a 31.7 percent rise from the same period in 2014, generating 102.8 billion baht, the ministry said. Arrivals from Jan. 1 to Aug. 23, were 19.6 million, also a 31 percent year-on-year increase. David Scowsill, president of the World Travel and Tourism Council, said tourist jitters would not last. “Thailand is not going to go through massive levels of trauma,” he said. “When we look out at the next six months, there’s no indication of wholesale cancellations.” Conferences and meetings, which are key revenue earners, had not been seriously impacted, the ministry said. Sumate Sudasna, president of the Thailand Incentive and Convention Association, said most large events had gone ahead, including an international surgery congress in Bangkok, at which only 100 of the 2,600 participants had cancelled. “It’s business as usual for Thailand,” he added. But data from ForwardKeys, which tracks over 14 million travel bookings a day, suggests otherwise. Its data for the five days after the bombing compared to the same period in 2014 showed net bookings to Thailand down 65 percent and business travel from China tanking 350 percent. That would indicate that 2.5 times more Chinese business trips were cancelled during that period this year than were booked a year ago. ForwardKeys states any fall above 100 percent reflects net cancellations. The post Bangkok Bomb Takes Toll on Thai Tourism appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

5 Dead Amid New Communal Protest Clashes in India Posted: 26 Aug 2015 09:08 PM PDT Army soldiers patrol after clashes between police and protesters in Ahmedabad, India on Wednesday. At least five people have been killed in clashes between police and protesters in the state of Gujarat. (Photo: Amit Dave / Reuters) AHMADABAD — Fresh communal clashes erupted Wednesday in western India as police and paramilitary forces tried to quell riots led by members of a farming caste demanding government benefits. Five people have been killed in the violence, police said. Authorities imposed a curfew in at least five cities in Gujarat state Tuesday night after mobs attacked police with stones and sticks and burned vehicles. Cellphone communications were blocked in the state’s main city of Ahmadabad to stop both rumors from spreading and gangs from coordinating their movements. Police said five people had been killed, including a father and son caught in a protesting crowd on their way home from work and then killed when police fired on the crowd Tuesday night in Ahmadabad. On Wednesday, two people died from police gunfire in Palanpur, and a third was killed by paramilitary fire in Mehsana, according to police officials who refused to be identified by name because they were not authorized to speak with media. Isolated clashes between protesters and police occurred in several other cities in Gujarat, including the diamond cutting and polishing hub of Surat. TV stations reported that police fired tear gas to disperse the crowds in some parts of the state, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi was chief minister for 12 years. Ahmadabad’s streets were otherwise deserted as schools and businesses closed after the leader of the Patidars, also known as the Patel community for the members’ surname, called for a general strike to press the group’s demands for the special status given to many minorities in India, guaranteeing them a share of government jobs and school places. Patidars make up about 20 percent of Gujarat’s 63 million people and say their livelihoods based on seasonal farming and small industry have become increasingly difficult amid India’s agricultural malaise and rapid economic growth marked by high inflation. India’s constitution sets out affirmative action, called reservations, for India’s lowest Dalit and untouchable castes to help them overcome centuries of discrimination. Expansions over the years included several other relatively disadvantaged low caste groups. Because reservations allow easier access to government jobs, schools and universities, they’ve become a huge political bargaining chip in this country of 1.2 billion people, and over the last decade several groups have led violent protests to demand that they be counted at the bottom of the country’s complex, ancient system of caste hierarchies. On Tuesday, Patel leaders led a rally attended by 500,000 community members from across Gujarat. Later, police detained the group’s 22-year-old firebrand leader Hardik Patel, triggering riots. Modi’s successor as chief minister, Anandiben Patel, urged members of her own community to maintain peace. She has said giving in to the demands was impossible, because the state legally can set aside only 50 percent of jobs and school seats for economically backward groups, and those spots are already filled by other low-caste groups. The post 5 Dead Amid New Communal Protest Clashes in India appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

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National News

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• Yangon’s lost children
• Police told not to charge for clearance letters
• Nine Muslim children from Rakhine State arrested in Yangon
• MPs back signing of optional protocol on child soldiers
• Muslim parties fear exclusion from election
• Intha get a second party to push cause
• Flood-wracked farm animals get help
• Two ministers resign to contest poll
• Police boost security after Thai bombing
• Wandering wild elephants to be herded home

Yangon’s lost children Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:44 PM PDT Fourteen-year-old Ma Ei Mon's tidy hair and thanaka-daubed face belie her troubled past and confused reality: Barely a teenager, she could be studying at school, but she is already working and living far from home.

Police told not to charge for clearance letters Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:43 PM PDT Police have been ordered to provide criminal clearance letters free of charge, after a forgery ring was uncovered earlier this month in Yangon.

Nine Muslim children from Rakhine State arrested in Yangon Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:38 PM PDT During a car inspection on August 22, police discovered a drunk driver who was attempting to smuggle in 10 people from IDP camps.

MPs back signing of optional protocol on child soldiers Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:36 PM PDT The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw has approved an optional international protocal which aims to keep children out of armed conflict.

Muslim parties fear exclusion from election Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:31 PM PDT The Union Election Commission has disqualified several candidates – both independent and from opposition parties – but has not disallowed a single contestant from the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party.

Intha get a second party to push cause Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:30 PM PDT A new party for the Intha ethnic group has emerged to compete against the Inn National Development Party, which won several seats in the 2010 election.

Flood-wracked farm animals get help Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:27 PM PDT Recent flooding has taken a huge toll on farm animals in Ayeyarwady Region, with more than 10,000 animals in Thapaung township still in need of medical treatment and emergency food, according to the township veterinary department.

Two ministers resign to contest poll Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:25 PM PDT The chief ministers of Rakhine and Kayin states have resigned to contest the election as Union Solidarity and Development Party candidates.

Police boost security after Thai bombing Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:23 PM PDT Yangon police have stepped up security in the wake of last week's Bangkok bombing, but say there is no evidence to suggest the culprits are in Yangon or planning an attack here.

Wandering wild elephants to be herded home Posted: 26 Aug 2015 08:14 PM PDT Six wild elephants that managed to wander from their native Bago Yoma habitat in Natmauk township, Magwe Region, to Nyaung Oo township in Mandalay Region are to be herded back home with the help of tame elephants, a Forest Department official said yesterday.

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Shan Herald Agency for News

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• Burma Army Detains Civilians in Shan State
• “It was like an earthquake” – Photographing the Aftermath of Shan State’s Floods
• Burmese consul: Opening of new border crossings will come after NCA signing
• ALL-INCLUSIVENESS IN AN ETHNIC CONTEXT
• Over 23,000 Shan State Residents Join Campaign Against Salween Dams
• Ethnic summit reaffirms conciliatory all-inclusive signing
• Drugs in Burma: ‘like gelded chickens’
• Negotiation-trust relationship in the nationwide ceasefire process: Reflections of an outsider

Burma Army Detains Civilians in Shan State Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:21 AM PDT Seven villagers in Kunhing Township were detained for more than a day after renewed fighting between the Burma Army and the RCSS/SSA. On the morning of August 25, seven residents from Zaikhao tract, Kunhing Township were taken from their village by Burma troops after military clashes with the Restoration Council of Shan State/Shan State Army (RCSS/SSA). The men were held in an unknown location before being released yesterday. There has been no update about their condition since their release. The seven detainees are identified as follows: Loong Nanta ( the headman of Zaikhao tract) Loong Kawli Sai Arh Ko Toon Sai Naratta Sai Kawntinya Sai Khurharn clashes preceded the men's arrest, said Sai La, spokesperson of the RCSS/SSA. They occurred in two villages: Peng Khan and Wan Lao. The fighting broke out when RCSS/SSA troops entered Kunhing Township after traveling from Namzang Township in southern Shan State. Nang Wa Nu, Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (SNDP) Member of Parliament, reported that she has contacted U Aung Min, the Vice Chairman of the government's Union Peacemaking Working Committee, in writing, expressing concern for the detainees' security and that of local civilians, particularly during Burma's ongoing peace process. She said that people in Kunhing are now fearful and worried for their safety since the detention of the seven local men. Villagers are also concerned by a recent increase in the number of Burma Army troops in the area. Arrest and detention of civilians by the Burmese military during conflict has been previously reported and documented throughout the country. "When there was a fighting in local area, the Burma Army would allege villagers' involvement in assistance of the Shan army," said Sai Hor Seng, of the Shan Human Rights Foundation (SHRF), an organization that documents human rights violations in the region. "In many cases [of detention], the Burma Army forced the villagers to be their porters, and tortured or even killed them." In March of this year, the Shan Herald Agency for News reported on the detention of Sai Hsai Khur, a teacher from Wan Nar Kun village in Mongnai Township. He was arrested on his way to a teachers' meeting at a temple in the area. The Burma Army detained him for two days, reportedly tying him to a tree and interrogating him. "They asked me where the Shan State Army bases are and how many soldiers do they have," he is quoted as saying. "When I replied that I don't know anything, they kicked me and pointed a gun at my head." In response to such reports, government representatives have remained silent on or denied the practice of unlawful detention, suggesting that evidence of violations be disclosed to local military commanders. By SAI AW / Shan Herald Agency for News (S.H.A.N.)

“It was like an earthquake” – Photographing the Aftermath of Shan State’s Floods Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:20 AM PDT Weeks after flash flooding destroyed homes and farmland, villagers in eastern Shan State find themselves struggling to rebuild amidst the debris. PHOTOS BY SAI MYO OO / Shan Herald Agency for News (S.H.A.N.) July and August's uncharacteristically strong monsoon floods affected an estimated one million people throughout Burma, reaching all but two of the country's fourteen states and destroying more than one million acres of farmland. The government has attributed 100 deaths to the catastrophe. The Irrawaddy reported that more than 330,000 people were displaced in Irrawaddy Division, and disaster zones were declared in Arakan and Chin States and Magwe and Sagaing Divisions. Eastern and northern regions of Shan State experienced flash flooding earlier this month, resulting in lost lives, infrastructure, homes and farmland. On August 18, Sai Myo Oo, a Shan Herald Agency for News photographer, traveled to Tachileik District in the eastern region of his home state to document the impact of the disaster once the water had receded. "When the flooding came, it was like an earthquake," recalled one villager, describing the early morning of August 4, when the waters of the Nam Paeng river burst its banks in eastern Shan State's Tachileik District. Nine villages along the river suffered damage, and the residents of the area continue to sift through debris and rely on community-sourced aid as they struggle to rebuild. PHOTO 1 Photo by S.H.A.N. Streets remain clogged with debris in the village of Nam Gai. After heavy rainfall on August 3, flooding began in the early morning on the following day. "It wasn't big at first," said locals who claim the area had never flooded in the past. But by 4:00 or 5:00 a.m., water rushed in, carrying large stones, sediment, and most notably, logs and uprooted trees. Most locals heeded a warning from the village head and fled their homes before the river rose, but there were still four casualties in the village of Nam Gai: three women and one young boy passed away in the disaster. The water level dropped after only one hour, revealing the extent of the destruction. PHOTO 2 Photo by S.H.A.N. After this bridge was washed away by the river on the morning of August 4, a footpath was rebuilt from bamboo by the villagers of Nam Paeng. PHOTO 3 Photo by S.H.A.N. Once the waters receded, it was revealed that the rice paddies had been destroyed. Most of the villagers in this region are subsistence farmers. They predict that the loss of this crop will set them back two years. In order to make the paddies fertile again, the farmers must remove the rubble and sediment deposited by the flood. PHOTO 4 Photo by S.H.A.N. Stores of rice—a staple food—saved from the previous year's harvest to feed the village this year, are ruined by the flood. According to traditional Shan methods, farmers harvest their rice crop and consume some of the rice that same year, and store a large amount to eat during the following year. PHOTO 5 Photo by S.H.A.N. In the village of Nam Gai, two men pull a TV out of the mud. They explained that they had saved their money and bought it for their family two months earlier. "It won't work anymore," the photographer told them. "Maybe it will," one man responded. "And if not, we can just display it in our house anyway, for show." PHOTO 6 Photo by S.H.A.N. Loong Noom, 46 years old, divided his time between Nam Paeng village, where he had built a home for his aging parents, and Tachileik, where his business selling onions is based. Here, he points to the area where his two-year-old custom-designed house stood before being washed away by the river for which the village is named. His parents survived, but his father was caught in the floodwaters, clinging to a floating log until he was rescued by villagers. "I'm lucky that my father is still alive now," Loong Noom said. PHOTO 7 Photo by S.H.A.N. This is the last remaining photo of the house Loong Noom built for his elderly parents, which completely washed away in the flash flood on August 4. He had bought the land years before, and carefully saved for the house's construction. "I have to save money again," he said. "I have to think about where my parents will live." He reflected that it may be too difficult to build such a structure again. PHOTO 8 Photo by S.H.A.N. Outside the temple in Nam Gai, aid is distributed. Each of the packs includes cooking and eating utensils, dry noodles, salt, oil, blankets and sleeping mats. Funds for the flood victims were collected by local monks, political parties, and Shan associations and communities in Thailand and Burma. The government donated rice and offered free first aid services from visiting nurses from Tachileik. PHOTO 9 Photo by S.H.A.N. Stilts were not able to save this traditional wood-and-bamboo house from the floodwaters. More than 160 houses were damaged or lost in the district, as well as two schools. Two hundred residents are now staying in the local temple or with relatives. Many are surviving on donations. Electricity has not returned to the villages. PHOTO 10 Photo by S.H.A.N. Residents survey the farmland in Nam Gai. They are determined to stay and rebuild, but still require special equipment to remove large logs deposited by the river. It has been suggested that companies mining for gold in the area could lend bulldozers to assist with the cleanup, but no such arrangement has been made yet. Locals also speculate that the severity of August's flood could be related to the mining industry's practice of deforestation, which is linked to increased soil erosion and higher water runoff speeds.

Burmese consul: Opening of new border crossings will come after NCA signing Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:18 AM PDT Speaking to business, academic and administrative representatives from 4 northern provinces on Saturday, 22 August, the head of the newly established consulate general of Burma said Naypyitaw would consider opening new border checkpoints only after the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) has been signed. The seminar to discuss the planned opening of two border checkpoints: Ban Huey Ton Noon, also known as BP (Boundary Post) 13, between Thailand's Maehongson and Burma's Mese; and Ban Laktaeng, between Thailand's Chiangmai and Burma's Mongton, was held at Uniserv Hotel, and attended by representatives from Chiangmai, Lampoon, Lampang and Maehongson provinces. Chana Phaengpiboon It was opened by Deputy Governor Chana Phaengpiboon, who was quoted as saying, "The planned opening of the two temporary checkpoints will be the forerunner to a permanent opening heralding the launch of the Asean Economic Community (AEC) by the end of the year." Meanwhile, U Kaung San Lwin, Burma's consul general, said the planned opening should wait until after the signing of the NCA, the draft of which was finalized on 6-7 August negotiations between Naypyitaw's Union Peacemaking Work Committee (UPWC) and the ethnic armed organization's Special Delegation (SD) in Rangoon. The Restoration Council of Shan State/ Shan State Army (RCSS/SSA) is active in areas opposite Chiangmai and the Karenni National Progressive Party/Karenni Army (KNPP/KA) in areas opposite Maehongson's west. Both have concluded preliminary ceasefire with Naypyitaw. U Kaung San Lwin The delegation from the seminar met the Burmese delegation led by Lt-Col Tin Aung Moe, Commander of Infantry Battalion 65, and Maj Sai Lake, leader of the RCSS/SSA liaison office in Monghta sub-township, Mongton township, at Chiangmai's Wiang Haeng district on the following day. It was agreed that a weekly market fair will be held every Thursday, starting tomorrow, 27 August, according to a Thai village headman.

ALL-INCLUSIVENESS IN AN ETHNIC CONTEXT Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:17 AM PDT After what had been recognised as successful talks in July that brought the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) closer to fruition only three points remained to be addressed before a binding agreement could be signed. Perhaps crucially the most important for all concerned parties were which groups are to be included in the signing of the NCA. This has become a particularly difficult point to address as the Government and the armed ethnic group leaders have differing views as to the validity of those groups that can be a part of the process at the initial ceasefire stage. Download the Report Here

Over 23,000 Shan State Residents Join Campaign Against Salween Dams Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:16 AM PDT Shan group presents Australian consulting firm with signatures of residents opposed to southern Shan State's controversial Mong Ton hydropower project. Photo by-Action for Shan State Rivers. Representatives from Shan community present signature to SMEC at their office in Yangon today 25 August 2015 Today Shan community representatives revealed the signatures of 23,717 Shan State citizens who oppose the construction of the Mong Ton (Tasang) dam on the Salween (Thanlwin) River. The petition was delivered to the Yangon office of the Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC), the Australian consulting firm responsible for conducting environmental and social impact assessments (EIA/SIA) of the proposed hydropower project. "The signatures were collected from people throughout Shan State, particularly townships adjoining the Salween, who are alarmed at Naypyidaw's accelerated plans to dam their river to export hydropower," stated a press release from the coalition Action for Shan State Rivers, which represents communities along the Salween River. SMEC policy does not allow the firm to comment on ongoing assessments. Sai Khur Hseng, a representative of the Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization explained that participants want the signatures included in the final EIA/SIA report, which will be released by SMEC later this month to the three entities behind the construction of the dam: the Chinese Three Gorges Corporation, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, and Burma's Ministry of Electric Power. "Our aim is to collect one million signatures. We will continue to collect them. When we get all the signatures, we will present them to Thai and Chinese governments," Sai Khur Hseng said. The signatures were collected during a two-week period this month, and extended to the Shan diaspora in Thailand. Sai Myo Aung, of northern Shan State's Kyaukme Township and now working in Chiang Mai, assisted the campaign as a volunteer, collecting signatures from members of displaced Shan communities. "Even though they are now living in Thailand, they are not Thai citizens. There is no guarantee for them to be permanent residents here," he said of the sizeable migrant population, many of whom fled Shan State's Salween basin due to fighting between the Burma Army and ethnic armed groups—a conflict which still continues in areas along the river today. "They will go back to Shan State. And if their areas are flooded, where will they live?" he added. Nang Lar, a resident of Pong Pa Kam in eastern Shan State, claimed that, like her, nearly all the people in her village offered their signatures to the petition. "We are Shan—we are like brothers and sisters. We don't want to see them suffer with the flooding," she explained. If the dam is completed, the resulting reservoir would flood an area nearly the size of Singapore and would place 100 villages underwater. SMEC's environmental and social assessments could influence the future of the Mong Ton project, and is expected to predict, report and analyze the effects of the dam on both local populations and the natural surroundings. On Monday, The Nation reported that Burma's Ministry of Electric Power plans to continue dam construction throughout the country despite civic opposition. However, Nyan Tun U, a Ministry representative, cited the use of "public consultation[s]" to provide feedback on the sustainability of hydropower projects, perhaps a reference to the ongoing EIA/SIA conducted by SMEC. As was reported by the Shan Herald Agency for News in June, the firm has faced criticism from locals and Shan community-based organizations regarding their perceived promotion of the hydropower project and reports of food and utilities being offered in exchange for support for the Mong Ton dam in particular. The Mong Ton dam is one of five planned hydropower projects on the Salween River and, once completed, would be one of the largest dams in the region; at over 240 meters high, it would surpass even the Three Gorges Dam in China. It is estimated that it will have the capacity to produce 7000 megawatts of power, of which 10 percent would be reserved for use in Burma and 90 percent would be designated for export to Thailand and China. BY SAI AW / Shan Herald Agency for News (S.H.A.N.)

Ethnic summit reaffirms conciliatory all-inclusive signing Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:15 AM PDT The 4 day summit of the ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) in Chiangmai which ended yesterday had reaffirmed its stand on the principle of all-inclusiveness, which means all the armed resistance movements must be allowed to sign the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement, the draft of which was finalized at the latest round of negotiations, 6-7 August, according to sources returning from the summit. Summit participants in a group photo, 24 August 2015. (Photo: SHAN) "One of the 11 resolutions passed at the summit is that the EAOs will stand by its principle for all EAOs to sign the NCA while exploring ways and means to pragmatically implement it," said a source who requested anonymity. The resolution appears to be a compromise between "hardliners" who won't sign unless all are allowed to sign by Naypyitaw and "softliners", who are ready to sign for their respective organizations but will continue to negotiate to obtain guarantees for the rest that they would not be subject to military offensives by the Burma Army, according to another source coming from the meeting. Another resolution says the "Big Five" that will travel to Naypyitaw to meet the President and the Commander-in-Chief at the earliest date possible will be: Gen N-Banla Kachin Independence Organization (KIO)                        Vice Chairman Gen Mutu Saypoe Karen National Union (KNU)                                    Chairman Abel Tweed Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP)                       Chairman Nai Htaw Mon New Mon State Party (NMSP)                                        Chairman Lt-Gen Hso Ten Shan State Progress Party (SSPP)                                 Patron They will be accompanied by 3 Special Delegation (SD) leaders: Naw Zipporah Sein (KNU), Dr Laja (KIO) and Pu Zin Cung (CNF). No date has been fixed yet for the meeting. According to The Irrawaddy, Commander-in-Chief Min Aung Hlaing, meeting with Interim Press Council (IPC) yesterday, was reported to have mentioned that the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) better known as Kokang, Arakan Army (AA), Ta-ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) and the Kachin Independence Army (KIA)'s 4th Brigade (which is active in northern Shan State) must "abandon (their) arms."

Drugs in Burma: ‘like gelded chickens’ Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:14 AM PDT One of the Shan townspeople met by the Restoration Council of Shan State/Shan State Army (RCSS/SSA) delegation that spent a month-long tour inside Shan State last month said current government drug policy didn't work, according to its report submitted late last month. RCSS/SSA initiated public consultation in Tangyan. (Photo: RCSS/SSA) "It is like getting pigs and chickens gelded," one of the participants at the public consultation in Namlan, Hsipaw township, northern Shan State, said. "The more you geld them, the more fat chickens you are going to have." The statement was echoed in other consultations held across the Shan State, between 21 June-22 July tour. Since the fight began, drugs, instead of diminishing, have become more available than ever. (Participant in Kyaukme) In areas controlled by the government and (the government led) People's Militia Forces, drug use is higher than anywhere else. (Participant in Tangyan) They are selling them at the foothill where Light Infantry Division (LID) 88 is setting up a camp. No drug pushers are reported to have been arrested. (Participant in Namkham) What can the police do? There are 10 drug users to every policeman. Anyway, using drugs instead of bullets seems to be killing more Shans. (Participant in Hsipaw) I volunteered to report to the local police on drug pushers. But when I did, the drug pusher was released. He later framed me for a crime I didn't do, and I went to jail. (Participant in Kehsi) Drug pushers here pay 3 Kyat for every 10 Kyat they make to the police. (Participant in Mongkeung) Selling drugs here is like selling vegetables. There is nothing to fear. (Participant in Tongta) You can buy drugs here anytime you like. (Participant in Mongphyak) Not only the government and PMFs are being criticized, but in some cases, even the armed groups fighting against them. "Some of these groups ban drugs," said a participant from Kyaukme, "but others are selling them." He didn't name names. Asked what they wanted the government and the armed groups to do, they had different answers: Crop substitution programs More schools Treatment centers Support for local anti-drug movements Enlist drug users as soldiers The drug issue, according to the RCSS/SSA, that has already made two tours since 2012, is the topmost problem among the people of Shan State. "Get rid of it," it was told during the first tour, "and we will elect your party for the rest of our lives." The RCSS/SSA has yet to set up a political party. "Until and unless the 2008 constitution is amended, we won't even consider it," said its leader Sao Yawdserk.

Negotiation-trust relationship in the nationwide ceasefire process: Reflections of an outsider Posted: 27 Aug 2015 07:13 AM PDT Should a win-win solution be the focus of the negotiation parties and negotiations? What is the role of trust in negotiations? To the author, negotiation is a tool, a technique to seek a win-win solution, making both sides happy, while seeking trust, though essential, is not its primary job. Trust is not to be sought, but to be built through negotiations. There is the question: Whether parties should not negotiate when there is a lack of trust. The question is relevant. Because since the start of negotiations in 2011, the Tatmadaw's offensives and territorial expansion have not stopped. They are valid reasons for the lack of trust by those on the defensive. This is not to deny the need for trust, which is a contributing factor in the progress and success of negotiation, that can be compared to a conveyor or vehicle. But keeping it as the first and foremost requirement will not move negotiations forward. Of course, for sustainable peace, trust is essential. That is why trust building has been a by-word in peace processes across the world. Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary defines negotiation as "the process of discussing something with someone in order to reach an agreement with them, or the discussions themselves". Meanwhile, trust is defined as "the belief that you can trust (also believe or entertain hope on) someone or something." However, the negotiations might be easy or tempestuous, despite negotiatiors having mutual trust. As a related example, businessmen usually do negotiations aka bargaining to find the best solution. Sometimes the result will be a gain for one party but a loss for the other. The loser party will then try to make up for its loss from the winner party or a third party. As a consequence, this will cause a loss in the erstwhile winner party or a third party. A vicious cycle of win-lose will follow, due to not seeking a win-win solution. And it could lead to further painful impacts for all stakeholders in the future. Political negotiations are not different from business ones. That is why a win-win solution is important. This does not mean that the resulting win-win situation will be the end or permanent. If we want more sustainable win-win situation, more negotiations are in order. In Myanmar context, negotiations on Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) between the government and the ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) therefore will not be the end. Because its signing will lead to further negotiations for a series of political dialogue. Conducting these negotiations however will not necessarily create trust on both sides that have fought against each other for more than sixty years, one for "inalienable rights" and the other for "perpetuation of national sovereignty." But one thing is clear. Continued fighting is not going to fulfill either party's wish. If both accept negotiations are the only way to resolve their problems, trust should not be the reason for delaying the progress of negotiation. It may be said that the NCA negotiations were suspended in September 2014 for a lack of trust, but when they resumed in March this year and finally finalized that NCA, does it mean the trust was restored? Recently on 17 August, Democratic Karen Benevolent Army (DKBA), Karen National Union (KNU), KNU/KNLA-Peace Council (KPC), and Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS) released their joint-statement on signing NCA. They stated that "We believe that, political challenges should be resolved through political means and that all stakeholders alike should jointly make the effort to achieve this (political challenges and solutions)" and that includes seven guarantees by signing NCA for EAOs, such as (a) We will retain our arms and be able to defend our region and people; (b) We will not be restricted by the Unlawful Association Act, Articles 17/1 and 17/2, and be able to freely seek resolution to political challenges through a political dialogue; (c) We will be able to prevent the recurrence of armed conflict through the joint implementation of a Code of Conduct and the Joint Monitoring of the ceasefire; (d) We will be able to continue to protect the interest of the local population during the political dialogue process; (e) We will be able to have a political dialogue with the government, political parties and all other stakeholders; (f) The political dialogues with the government and political parties will be jointly conducted to ensure that any one group or groups does not dominate; and (g) We will be able to change the 2008 Constitution in accordance with the agreement reached through the political dialogue. So the questions are: Who had created the said guarantees? Was it because of complete/or partial trust in each other that had brought about the final NCA draft? The reason for the current obstacle to signing the NCA nevertheless does not mention trust (or lack of it) but inclusivity (or the government's exclusion of some of the EAOs). The EAOs have always fought for political means to resolve political issues. Now that the opportunity is here (albeit with a condition) what is keeping us from engaging in it? Is it because of trust or lack of it? Or is it because of negotiations or we are fed up with them already? By: Franklin FRANKLIN, who is working at Documentation Unit of Pyidaungsu Institute, Chiang Mai and studying International MBA, at International College, Payap University, Chiang Mai. The reflection title that covers the whole article is the focus of the writer and one of the purposes of this reflection is to strengthen negotiation culture by balancing with the term 'trust' and four year old current ceasefire process in Myanmar. The idea and the reflection of the writer does not necessarily relate to the Pyidaungsu Institute and International College of Payap University.

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