The Irrawaddy Magazine

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• Kofi Annan ‘Confident’ in Arakan State Advisory Commission’s Mandate
• Taunggyi District NLD Party Chairman Protests Verbal Expulsion Order
• UWSA Criticizes Peace Conference for ‘Poor Management and Discrimination’
• DKBA Splinter Group Clashes with Border Guard Force, Roads Blocked
• Wathann Film Festival Non-Competition Highlights
• Farmer Dies in Irrawaddy Division Land Dispute
• Burma and India to Advance Trade
• Former Lt-Gen to Sue Local Journal for Defamation
• State Counselor to Attend Asean Summit in Laos
• Wave Money CEO Sees Potential in Burma’s Underdeveloped Market

Kofi Annan ‘Confident’ in Arakan State Advisory Commission’s Mandate Posted: 05 Sep 2016 09:16 AM PDT Kofi Annan and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi are pictured before the start of the meeting of the Arakan State Advisory Commission on Monday at the National Reconciliation and Peace Center in Rangoon. (Photo: Myo Min Soe / The Irrawaddy) RANGOON – Burma's State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said that she believes the Arakan State Advisory Commission—chaired by former UN general secretary Kofi Annan—will bring credible advice in confronting tension in Arakan State. On Monday, the State Counselor and the nine-member commission conducted their initial meeting at National Reconciliation and Peace Centre (NRPC) in Rangoon. Media were allowed access to the opening speeches of the session. "All members of the commission will help us to find a way forward," she said. "We believe that you will give us fair and valuable advice. I believe that it will be based on goodwill to all our people as well as people all over the world. And based on your advice, we will try the best for our country." The problems in Arakan State, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi explained, not only have relevance for Burma but also the global community. Since anti-Muslim violence broke out in the region in 2012, more than 140,000 people have been displaced in the state and tensions have grown between the Buddhist Arakanese and the Muslim Rohingya. Communal violence is not a recent phenomenon, she continued, adding that the problem has been growing for "many years" and a historical investigation would contribute to better understanding of the conflict. She also refuted assertions from political parties, such as the Arakan National Party and the Union Solidarity and Development Party, that the formation of the commission—which includes three international members—would interfere with Burma's sovereignty on "internal affairs." "No one can interfere with our sovereignty—sovereignty is owned by all people, not only by the government," Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said. "Our problem has been on the international stage for many years and we want to find out why. We want to find out why our problem has become of great importance to humans all over the world. We must try to evaluate the situation." The commission's purpose, she stated, is to investigate the root causes of conflict in Arakan State and to develop a reconciliation process between the two religious communities in the region. Kofi Annan delivered a short statement to the press at the event in which he said that the advisory commission would act rigorously to find ways to address the situation in Arakan State, and work closely with the people of the region, including engaging with community and religious leaders, local administration and members of the State Counselor's Office. Although the challenges facing Arakan State are "complex and deep-rooted," Mr. Annan said he remains "confident that we can assist the people of Rakhine to chart a common path for a peaceful and prosperous future." During the conference, both sides avoided using the term "Rohingya," the name with which many Muslims in the region ethnically identify; it is rejected by many Arakanese Buddhists and members of the Burmese public, who describe the group as "Bengali," implying they are interlopers from neighboring Bangladesh. The "Rohingya" are not listed among Burma's 135 officially recognized ethnic groups, contributing to widespread statelessness among the population. The commission itself does not have any Rohingya members—it includes two Muslim representatives, two Arakanese Buddhists and two government representatives, in addition to the three members of the international community. On Tuesday, Mr. Annan will travel to Arakan State, reportedly to introduce himself to locals as the chair of the advisory commission and spend two days in the region. Around 300 Arakanese Buddhist nationalists have already received permission from the local authorities to hold a peaceful protest at the airport in the state capital of Sittwe, according to police official Aye Khin Maung. "Locals will protest for two days at the airport, [corresponding with] the arrival and departure times of Mr. Annan," he said. The post Kofi Annan 'Confident' in Arakan State Advisory Commission's Mandate appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Taunggyi District NLD Party Chairman Protests Verbal Expulsion Order Posted: 05 Sep 2016 07:13 AM PDT Taunggyi District NLD chairman U Tin Maung Toe. (Photo: Tin Maung Toe / Facebook) RANGOON — U Win Htein, a Central Executive Committee (CEC) member of the National League for Democracy (NLD), gave verbal instructions to sack the party chairman of Taunggyi District's NLD chapter, U Tin Maung Toe, on Sunday. U Tin Maung Toe said he was verbally sacked by U Win Htein because he wrote on his Facebook page, "CEC [member positions] can be bought, but history can't be." The verbal expulsion is not in line with NLD party rules and regulations, U Tin Maung Toe told The Irrawaddy. "According to NLD rules and regulations, party members can't be expelled for sharing such things." U Tin Maung Toe said. "What's more, they can't be sacked verbally. If a complaint is filed against a party member, it has to be submitted to disciplinary committees at different levels. Only the central disciplinary committee is authorized to suspend or dismiss membership." He demanded that the party's Union-level CEC release an official order in black and white if he is to be expelled. "I didn't break any party rules and regulations. It is U Win Htein who has violated the party regulations. So, I will face this situation according to party rules and regulations," U Tin Maung Toe told The Irrawaddy. Daw Khin Moe Moe, chairwoman of northern Shan State's NLD chapter, told The Irrawaddy: "The decision to expel a party member can only be made through a CEC meeting. If the decision was made by an individual, it would mean the party is authoritarian." Daw Khin Moe Moe said that U Tin Maung Toe has been a supporter of the NLD since the 1988 pro-democracy movements in Burma. U Win Htein arrived in Taunggyi in September for the election of the new Shan State NLD executive committee; U Tin Maung Toe was not selected for an executive committee posting within the party. When asked by The Irrawaddy, U Nyan Win, CEC member and a member of the NLD's secretary board of senior party leaders, said: "I can't answer questions until I know everything about the case. Please call Taunggyi (NLD) since it happened in Taunggyi." Translated from Burmese by Thet Ko Ko. The post Taunggyi District NLD Party Chairman Protests Verbal Expulsion Order appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

UWSA Criticizes Peace Conference for ‘Poor Management and Discrimination’ Posted: 05 Sep 2016 07:05 AM PDT The UWSA delegation pictured on the first day of the 21st Century Panglong peace conference in Naypyidaw. (Photo: Wa State News Agency) In a statement issued by the United Wa State Army (UWSA) on Sept. 2, the group "condemned" what it described as poor management and discrimination against ethnic minorities at Burma's Union Peace Conference, after their peace delegation's walkout. The UWSA representatives, who left the four-day conference in Naypyidaw—held from Aug. 31 to Sept. 3—on the second day, said that while the group supports State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's approach to peacebuilding, the conference was marred by poor management and unequal treatment. "There should be consideration for minority groups, and fair treatment from the management," said the statement. "We will stand and condemn the use of unfair management to oppress minorities," who they said were at a disadvantage. One of the UWSA's complaints was that they were relegated to an "observer" role rather than that of a full participant—a mistake that the organizers said they would remedy, but that caused the Wa delegation to exit. "If the peace conference cannot provide fairness and transparency, how will future peace negotiations grant peace?" the group asked in the statement. In another statement on Sept. 5 in Chinese media, the UWSA alleged that the organizing committee for the event—also known as the 21st Century Panglong—was not upfront about their role in the conference; it was the Tatmadaw (the Burma Army) that had the power to grant an attendee the chance to speak at the event, they said, not the organizing committee, as was originally thought. The Burmese government's conference organizing committee criticized the Wa peace delegation for coming late to the conference, leading to their receiving of cards identifying them as observers, separating them from other ethnic armed organizations present. The UWSA rejected the criticism. "We went to take the cards in the afternoon, but we got the cards in the evening," they said of the observer identification, which they said was insufficient. At the core of the delegation's dissatisfaction is the fact that they were not able to speak at the conference and present a paper that they had prepared for the event. The UWSA said they grew tired of waiting for a decision to be made on whether their status, and their chance to speak, would be approved. "This was an unthinkable incident, different from the message of the [government peace commission], that there were going to be no restrictions from speaking on the issues," the group said in their statement, referring to meetings with the government representatives in Mongla in August. Government peace negotiator Khin Zaw Oo spoke to media and admitted the conference organizing committee had mismanaged the situation by giving observer status to the UWSA peace delegation, and that Thein Zaw, another peace negotiator, had sent them a letter, apologizing for the mistake. The post UWSA Criticizes Peace Conference for 'Poor Management and Discrimination' appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

DKBA Splinter Group Clashes with Border Guard Force, Roads Blocked Posted: 05 Sep 2016 05:22 AM PDT A member of the government-allied Border Guard Force patrols the Asian Highway in Karen State amid conflict in 2015. (Photo: Kyaw Kha) CHIANG MAI, Thailand — Clashes have been reported over the weekend in Karen State between a splinter group of the Democratic Karen Benevolent Army (DKBA) and the Burma Army-aligned Border Guard Force (BGF). The clashes have led to the temporary shutdown of a road connecting Myaing Gyi Nyu village with Mae Tha Waw, a trading village on the border with Thailand's Tak Province. Residents of Mae Tha Waw village told The Irrawaddy on Monday that local militias who control checkpoints along the road banned villagers and travelers from the route as on and off fighting continued in Kue Seit village. "The road has been shut down, people can’t travel on the route," said a local merchant in Mae Tha Waw, who asked for anonymity due to concerns for her safety. "It was shut down when the fighting broke out; I don’t know how long it will take to reopen the road." The Burma Army and the allied BGF partially controls the route, while the DKBA splinter group—named after its late commander, Maj. Na Ma Kyar—also operates in the area. Fighting was reported between the DKBA splinter group and the BGF troops on Sunday evening and Monday morning. Residents of Mae Tha Waw village operate a ferry on the Moei River transporting travelers and goods to and from Thailand. They also run small-scale transportation businesses carrying passengers and Thai goods on the route from Mae Tha Waw to Myaing Gyi Nyu and to other villages nearby. The fighting in the area of Mae Tha Waw came after the DKBA splinter group announced in late August that they would escalate frontline battles if the Burma Army and the BGF kept harassing its troops, after the death of the group's leader Maj. Na Ma Kyar. Two officers in the Na Ma Kyar splinter faction, Maj. Saw San Aung and Lt. Kyaw Thet, are on the same Burma Army wanted list as the deceased Maj. Na Ma Kyar. A video posted on Facebook on Monday shows footage of Lt. Kyaw Thet telling his soldiers that the BGF had joined forces with the Burma Army against their fellow Karen, the DKBA. He urged his soldiers to fight back. "They [BGF] joined the enemy [Burma Army] and attacked us. They tried to destroy us. So, if you see them, just fire at them without asking any questions," he says in the video. Local residents of Mae Tha Waw village also said that travelers were banned from visiting the well-known Kyotaw waterfall located nearby. Frequent fighting that broke out on Sunday evening continued on Monday morning. The Na Ma Kyar group is present in rural areas of Kawkareik Township and in the Mae Tha Waw area of Hlaingbwe Township, both in Karen State. The group has exerted control, and collected road tolls, along parts of the Asian Highway, which was built to ease trade and transit between Burma and Thailand via the Myawaddy-Mae Sot border. The post DKBA Splinter Group Clashes with Border Guard Force, Roads Blocked appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Wathann Film Festival Non-Competition Highlights Posted: 05 Sep 2016 05:17 AM PDT Posters of the Wathann Film Festival seen in Rangoon. (Photo: Damien Cloarec / Wathann Film Festival) RANGOON — As the Wathann Film Festival kicks off with its sixth edition on Tuesday, Rangoon's oldest cinema Waziya prepares to host the city's movie buffs. According to the organizers, the film festival will showcase more than 30 local and international independent films: fifteen films have been selected for the local competition, nine for the Southeast Asia competition and about 10 films for non-competitive screenings. All 24 competition films will have two screenings each during the six-day event—from Tuesday until Sunday. The organizers provide a second showing of a shortlisted selection over the weekend for those who are unable to make it out on weekdays, while a collection of non-competition screenings offer a rare opportunity for the city's cinephiles. The Irrawaddy lists a collection of non-competition highlights from the festival's line-up for easy reference. South East Asian Shorts (September 7, 3:30 pm to 5:30 pm) Short films from Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. Japanese Cinema (September 8, 3:30pm) Master Class by Nobuhiro Kawanaka and a presentation of the Image Forum Film Festival by Koyo Yamashita. The film festival will host a master class with one of Japan's pioneers of experimental film, Nobuhiro Kawanaka. He will present three of his works from the 1970s-2000s. He is also known for the genre of "private film"—a diary or letter in video form, a style not often found in Burmese films. Switchback (1976, 9 min) B Continued (1984, 22 min) Correspondence (2005, 38 min) Café Waldluft (79 min) (September 9, 3:30pm to 5:30pm) By Matthias Kobmehl This award-winning German documentary tells the story of a family hotel and cafe that turned into a temporary haven for asylum seekers fleeing from Afghanistan, Syria and Sierra Leone.  The Palace On The Sea (15 min) (September 9, 6:00pm to 8:00pm) By Midi Z This 15-minute experimental and expressionist short film was directed by Burmese-born Taiwanese filmmaker Midi Z. It explores the mysterious desire of a Burmese migrant worker in Taiwan who longs to go home. Midi Z is best known for his 2014 feature film "Ice Poison"—a Taiwanese entry selected for the 87th Oscar Awards, featuring two Burmese drug victims in Lashio, Shan State. The award-winning filmmaker will not be able to attend the Wathann Film Festival, but the producer and actor Shin-hong Wang will be available during the Q&A session following the screening. Like Umbrella/Like King (15 min 44 sec) (September 9, 6:00pm to 8:00pm) By Moe Satt This short film features the work of an installation artist, involving umbrellas, zippers and colors. Above And Below (119 min) (September 10, 6:00pm – 8:00pm) By Nicolas Steiner This documentary was directed by a Swiss film student. It follows the lives of five individuals who do not fit into modern American society. Film critics acclaimed it as one of 2015's most remarkable cinematic discoveries. The post Wathann Film Festival Non-Competition Highlights appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Farmer Dies in Irrawaddy Division Land Dispute Posted: 05 Sep 2016 04:34 AM PDT An injured farmer on his way to hospital after a confrontation over land in Labutta Township of Irrawaddy Division. (Photo: The Irrawaddy) One farmer was killed and four injured when a farmland dispute turned violent in a forest reserve in the area of Shwe Kyun Tha in Labutta Township of Irrawaddy Division on Saturday. The five farmers were rushed to Labutta Township Hospital, one dying the same day. The other four are still receiving medical treatment, U Than Naing of the 88 Generation Peace and Open Society activist group told The Irrawaddy on Monday. The death followed what was only the latest confrontation between farmers who claim to have originally held the farmland in Shwe Kyun Tha, and farmers who now occupy it, in a dispute over land rights that has continued since 2013. In 1992, the Labutta Township Forestry Department confiscated the land from the original farmers in order to plant a mangrove forest. The project was not implemented, and the department handed the land over to another group of farmers. In 2013, after the U Thein Sein administration established committees to resolve historic land disputes, the original Shwe Kyun Tha farmers began to demand their land back. The deceased farmer belonged to the group of "new" farmers. Following the death, police detained four from the group of "original" farmers and three from the group of "new" farmers. Police have since been guarding the houses of the "original" farmers, after a rumor circulated that the "new" farmers would mount a revenge attack, said Nyo Seint of the Human Rights Activist Network based in the Irrawaddy Division capital of Pathein. Irrawaddy Division Chief of Police Col Tun Min confirmed that he had dispatched his deputy to supervise the Labutta District Police, to ensure against further clashes. In other events, the Labutta Township Forestry Department in the second week of August sued 12 local farmers for illegally fishing, breeding prawns and felling wood in the same forest reserve. U Chit Than Tun, who heads the department, said that local forest coverage was shrinking: he had sued the farmers as a "warning," after receiving instructions from headquarters in Naypyidaw to step up forest conservation efforts. U Tun Tun Oo, who heads the Pathein-based Human Rights Activist Network, said that three of the farmers, who were charged with trespassing in the forest resolve, had illegally been detained beyond the 12-hour limit mandated by the offence. Labutta township court conducted an initial hearing for the farmers on Aug. 29. The second hearing is scheduled for Tuesday. U Aung Moe Win, chairman of the Labutta Farmer's Union, said tension is unavoidable if the forestry department continues to sue local farmers for trespassing on the forest reserve. "The forestry department did not enforce forestry laws in the past, but now they are applying them without studying the situation on the ground. I would say it is wrong to conserve forests in this way," he said. The post Farmer Dies in Irrawaddy Division Land Dispute appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Burma and India to Advance Trade Posted: 05 Sep 2016 04:13 AM PDT Burmese President U Htin Kyaw shakes hands with India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi (R) during his ceremonial reception at the forecourt of India's Rashtrapati Bhavan presidential palace in New Delhi, India on August 29, 2016. (Photo: Adnan Abidi / Reuters) RANGOON — The Indo Myanmar Chamber of Commerce Industries and the Burmese government have agreed to promote cross-border trade and development of Burma's agricultural sector after a meeting on Saturday. Than Myint, Minister of Commerce and Rohinton Engineer, vice president of Indo Myanmar Chambers of Commerce Industries—along with a team of delegates—met in Naypyidaw to promote trade through an updated banking system, and to facilitate the allowance of arrival visas in border stations between the two countries. "We will promote more trade volume between the two countries. India has agreed to buy more and more beans and pulses from Myanmar every year," Yan Naing Tun, director general of the Department of Trade within the Ministry of Commerce, told the Irrawaddy. He added that India has agreed to buy at least 9 million tons of beans and pulses from Burma, and that the amount will increase annually. "India agreed to help us with improving technology for firms dealing in beans and pulses," Yan Naing Tun added. The Indo-Myanmar delegation came to Burma after President U Htin Kyaw's visit to India last week. In September 3, the delegates also met with Minister of Industry Khin Maung Cho on behalf of investors eyeing the agricultural sector, through the production of equipment and the sharing of biogas technology, as well as through developing the food and garment industries. Despite being neighbors, India's total investment in Burma was around US$224 million during the 2015-2016 fiscal year—significantly lower than the investments of other regional countries, like China. No new Indian investments were made during the first four months of the 2016-2017 fiscal year. According to the Ministry of Commerce, total trade volume between India and Burma is just over US$1 billion, while Burma-China trade has reached nearly $11 billion. The post Burma and India to Advance Trade appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Former Lt-Gen to Sue Local Journal for Defamation Posted: 05 Sep 2016 04:04 AM PDT Khin Zaw Oo at a press conference during the Union Peace Conference. (Photo: Pyay Kyaw / The Irrawaddy) NAYPYIDAW — Khin Zaw Oo, a former Lt-Gen in the Burma Army and current member of the new government's peace commission, said he would sue the Myanmar Herald for defamation, after publishing a story that alleged he sought political gain by taking advantage of National League for Democracy (NLD) government officials. The Myanmar Herald stated that Khin Zaw Oo's personal intervention in the Union Peace Conference caused inconveniences to attendees. The conference, held from August 31 to September 3, was criticized for mismanagement—with the United Wa State Army (UWSA) delegates leaving the conference on the second day. "I'm waiting for a response. I will consider forgiving [the Myanmar Herald] if they apologize. Otherwise, we will have to meet in court," said Khin Zaw Oo, who was also a former adjutant general in the Burma Army. Khin Zaw Oo denied allegations that he manipulated NLD officials for political gain. "I am not a politician and don't need to take advantage of government officials. I was assigned to chair the work committee and coordinate conference arrangements. I was not directly involved in the conference; my responsibility was just to coordinate requirements," Khin Zaw Oo wrote on his Facebook page. He added that he has a strong case against the weekly journal. The Myanmar Herald did not name its sources, instead only quoting "some conference organizers." "They might need to explain who those organizers are," he said. Hsan Win Tun, the chief editor of the Myanmar Herald, told The Irrawaddy that the journal had tried to interview Khin Zaw Oo to ensure balanced reporting before publishing the story, but the former Lt-Gen refused to respond and therefore the journal would not apologize to him. "We asked, but he refused to answer. We gave him a chance, but he didn't say anything. So, we won't apologize," he said. The post Former Lt-Gen to Sue Local Journal for Defamation appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

State Counselor to Attend Asean Summit in Laos Posted: 04 Sep 2016 11:08 PM PDT State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi attends a meeting of Asean foreign ministers in Vientiane, Laos July 25, 2016. (Phoot: Jorge Silva / Reuters) RANGOON — State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi will travel to Laos to attend the 28th and 29th Asean Summit and related meetings. The meetings will be held in the capital Vientiane from Tuesday until Thursday. President's Office spokesperson U Zaw Htay said a statement would be released on Tuesday regarding the visit. It will be the third time the state counselor has visited neighboring Laos since the National League for Democracy government assumed power in late March. On her intial visit in May, she was accompanied by Burma's President U Htin Kyaw. For her second trip, she joined the Asean Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Vientiane in July. US President Barack Obama and other world leaders will join the upcoming summit. The state counselor has recently visited Thailand and China. She will travel to Washington DC on September 14-15 to meet with President Obama, US Vice President Joe Biden, members of the US congress and various business leaders. The post State Counselor to Attend Asean Summit in Laos appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Wave Money CEO Sees Potential in Burma’s Underdeveloped Market Posted: 04 Sep 2016 05:50 PM PDT Wave Money CEO Brad Jones. (Photo: Myo Min Soe / The Irrawaddy) RANGOON — Wave Money is a mobile financial services joint venture between Norway's Telenor and Burma's Yoma Bank. After its first year in Burma, 4,000 "Wave shops" have been set up across the country, where users can transfer money via mobile accounts or agents. Wave Money chief executive officer Brad Jones talks to The Irrawaddy about the potential market in Burma's underdeveloped mobile financial sector. What is mobile money? And what is the current market situation in Burma, considering this industry is still underdeveloped? Mobile money is the ability to transfer money from one person to another, and we target people who don't have bank accounts. People can easily transfer money around the country, and in our initial launch that's what we're having people do—transferring money through shops, agents or their mobile phones. As new telecoms companies provide good infrastructure in the country now, Burma is one of the fastest growing mobile markets in the world. Smart phone access is rising, similar to in Malaysia and Thailand. Smart phone access and development of 3G and soon 4G networks provide a great opportunity for mobile money services. We can provide digital services to customers who are far away from banks. This is a huge opportunity for us. What challenges do you face? Burma is geographically a very large country. We have to develop mobile cash management models with Yoma Bank so we can have distributors in Wave shops providing e-money to our customers in many locations. We're starting to work in some remote areas and it is challenging. But Yoma will be able to work this out through distributors and Wave shops that will provide e-money. Who are your customers? It's very early for us and we're seeing quite a range. It's people in Rangoon who want to like us and are looking for trendy products. But also, there is a customer who works on a gas pipeline and transfers money back to his family. He is quite poor and has no bank account and he finds that this is an easy way for him to send money. So we're seeing quite a variety of people using our service. What about product expansion? Do you have plans to expand Wave shops across the country? We now have 4,000 Wave shops across the country. We're located in every region of Burma, with the exception of Arakan and Chin states—where we will launch soon. We will continue to expand and want to represent every township in the country. As far as investment, what percentage shares do Yoma Bank and Telenor own? Telenor owns 51 percent of the company, First Myanmar Investment owns 44 percent and Yoma bank owns 5 percent. The total investment is about US$17 million. Do you plan to expand investment so as to launch new products? Sure. We're currently looking for new product opportunities. We have to wait for approval before expanding our existing products though. Is it difficult working with the Central Bank of Myanmar because of the transition in government? Do you think this industry could be developed under the Central Bank's supervision? The Central Bank has come under fire lately, I have heard. We have no issue working with the Central Bank. Regulations are appropriate, there is a good balance of risk and there is flexibility. Who are your competitors in the market? At this stage we don't really have any competitors, even though other operations have launched. What we're waiting for is for other telecoms operators—like MPT and Oreedoo—to directly launch into the market. I am positive there will be competition in the market. One thing we're concerned about is operators who aren't regulated entering the market. It's important that there's a level playing field and that customers are protected. If customers are protected, firms are secure. The post Wave Money CEO Sees Potential in Burma's Underdeveloped Market appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

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