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| Myanmar Turns To China as It Faces International Criticism Posted: 01 Dec 2017 07:15 PM PST Kyaw Zwa Moe: Welcome to Dateline Irrawaddy! Myanmar has faced growing criticism from the international community – especially western countries – after conflicts intensified in Rakhine State. This has pushed the Myanmar government and Tatmadaw back to China. Recently, the US Secretary of State visited Myanmar, and after he returned, he slammed the Tatmadaw for what happened in Rakhine State and labeled it "ethnic cleansing." Then, it seems as though both the Myanmar government and Tatmadaw turned toward China. I've invited political analyst Dr. Yan Myo Thein to discuss this. I'm Irrawaddy English editor Kyaw Zwa Moe.
About 600,000 Rohingya Muslims fled to Bangladesh after militant attacks by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) in August prompted military counter-insurgency operations. The international community strongly condemned Myanmar. Countries like China and Russia stood by Myanmar when it came under pressure. Apparently, those pressures have pushed Myanmar closer to China. Commander-in-Chief of Defense Services Snr-Gen Min Aung Hlaing recently visited China. And State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is going to pay her second visit to China this year. People are speculating over whether the two countries are deliberately strengthening ties or if international pressure has caused this. What do you think? Yan Myo Thein: Elections were held in 2010 and President U Thein Sein's government emerged in 2011. Since then, Myanmar has started to improve its ties with European and western countries including the US. On the other hand, it maintained its existing 'Pauk-Phaw' relationship with the People's Republic of China. But after the 2015 election saw the government led by President U Htin Kyaw and State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi taking office, most people expected that Myanmar would win greater support and assistance from European and western countries including the US, and that it would be able to step out of the shadows of China more. But because of what happened in Rakhine State, Myanmar has come under the pressure and restrictions of western countries including the US. Consequently, this has made Myanmar lean towards China. As you have said, former President U Thein Sein visited China once a year during his term. He visited China five times. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi visited China in 2015 before she could form the government that succeeded U Thein Sein's. Then she visited China in 2016, and paid another visit in late April this year. Therefore, her planned visit on Nov. 30 is her second visit to China in a single year. According to my study, I have found no records of Myanmar's previous State leaders visiting China twice in a year. Considering this, we can guess that Myanmar and China have grown close because of international pressures. Recently, Myanmar Commander-in-Chief of Defense Services Snr-Gen Min Aung Hlaing visited China. Chinese President Xi Jinping received him and apparently agreed to increase cooperation between the two armed forces. Xi Jinping said that Snr-Gen Min Aung Hlaing's visit was successful. Considering all of this, I think western countries including the US do not have very good approaches toward Myanmar's crises, challenges and problems. KZM: Those factors might have contributed to a certain extent. But in my opinion, the main point is that the government has changed. U Thein Sein's government and the preceding military government had good relationships with China. At that time, people didn't like China because it supported a government that was not elected by them. YMT: Yes, they didn't. KZM: Frankly speaking, there were anti-China sentiments at that time. Then, the National League for Democracy (NLD) government led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi took office, and the main difference from its predecessors was that the people supported it. It is fair to say that Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has even gained greater popularity lately. Under such circumstances, I think people may have a good opinion of any government that supports Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's government. Myanmar people used to like the US because it supported democracy in Myanmar. But now Myanmar people are not happy with the responses of western countries including the US, probably because they feel that western countries don't understand them. Speaking of China, it has politically and economically backed Myanmar governments—the military regime—over the past three decades. And it has benefitted. It seems that China will get further benefits from Myanmar, which is being forced into a corner. Especially, the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone in Rakhine, and a trunk road… YMT: Yes, the Yunnan-Mandalay-Yangon-Kyaukphyu economic corridor. KZM: So, I think this has further opened the way for China…. YMT: Yes, I think so. KZM: in terms of economic opportunities in Myanmar. YMT: As you've discussed, when Myanmar was under military control, people didn't support the Tatmadaw government. So, they supported sanctions targeted at the Tatmadaw government. But now, the international community must take this fact into consideration that the government was elected by the majority of people. The international community should make multilateral engagement with both the Myanmar government and Tatmadaw. They should engage and negotiate with them in various aspects so as to find answers. On the other hand, Myanmar government shouldn't have unnecessary concerns. For example, it should open the way for international cooperation. It would be a positive step for Myanmar's government to open the way for the regional Asean bloc to take a part in solving the problems, difficulties, and crises facing the country. Another thing is about media. As far as I'm concerned, it is still difficult for media to get into Rakhine for reporting. They are still being restricted. So, we have to think about how we can change the situation. KZM: That's the problem of the Myanmar government. It has not permitted the UN to do an investigation. It has also restricted the media. It'd be better for it to open up. It'd be better not to impose restrictions if it had not made any mistake or wrongdoing. But now, all the reports have come from Bangladesh as a result. As you've said, cooperation is the most important thing. The government is almost two years in office now. Commander-in-Chief of Defense Services Snr-Gen Min Aung Hlaing visited European countries [in 2016 and in April this year]. But lately, it appears that the Myanmar Army has to rely more on China. As we've mentioned earlier, [Chinese President Xi Jinping] said that his visit was successful. And it is likely that there will be greater cooperation between the two armed forces. In the wake of the Rakhine issue, the UK cancelled its training for the Myanmar Army. And the US is considering imposing sanctions on Myanmar military leadership. This will have political consequences on Myanmar. YMT: What is sure is that if western countries continue engaging with us this way, China's influence on our country will increase politically, economically and militarily. Regarding the Yunnan-Yangon-Mandalay-Kyaukphyu economic corridor, people have just learned about that project recently. Previously, they only knew about the Kyaukphyu-Kunming railroad and motor road project. The economic corridor is a much bigger project than we previously thought, and it is likely to become a part of the India-Bangladesh-Myanmar-China economic corridor. We need to think about how we can benefits from these Chinese projects for our people and the development of our country. At the same time, we also need to think about how we can win back the trust and support of western countries including the US in our political transition. KZM: That is extremely important. YMT: Yes, it is. KZM: From Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's speeches and her talks with foreign diplomats, we can say that she has not completely leaned towards China. It seems that she will pursue a rebalancing strategy because we need assistance from the international community. We are one of the poorest countries in the world and have no political stability at all. We have a long way to go to make peace with armed ethnic groups. So, I think the leaders of our country need to act very shrewdly. They shouldn't tactlessly distance themselves from the world. YMT: The foreign policy and international relations tactics and procedures of our country's leaders are extremely important. European and western countries including the US have constantly supported our country—they greatly supported our struggle for democracy. But we are still in a transition to democracy. And we can't even lay down a sound foundation yet. Our country's democracy is still in its nascent stage. Besides, there are a lot of crises and conflicts including the Rakhine issue facing us. So, the political storm is really strong. Under such circumstances, the government, Tatmadaw, political parties, and civil society organizations should think about how to work in collaboration to win back the support of western countries including the US. They should identify weak points and try to fix them. Another thing is the role that Myanmar diplomats in foreign countries can play. Ambassadors appointed by the government are the strikers in implementing our foreign policy. They need to explain the situation and engage [with foreign governments] on the front line. KZM: Thank you for your contribution! The post Myanmar Turns To China as It Faces International Criticism appeared first on The Irrawaddy. |
| Tatmadaw Chief Offers Cryptic Definition of Military’s Political Role Posted: 01 Dec 2017 06:37 PM PST CHIANG MAI, Thailand – Myanmar Army chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing said the military as an institution must be free of political influence, while at the same time asserting the principle that the Tatmadaw continues its efforts in support of "national politics." During an address to newly graduating officers of the Defense Service Academy's intake 59 in Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, on Friday, the Army chief also singled out for praise his troops' handling of the Rakhine State crisis and peace-building efforts in the country. His remarks drew criticism from observers and political analysts, who pointed to the fact that 25 percent of seats in the legislature are reserved for military appointees, while the Tatmadaw also retains control of three key ministerial posts. The Tatmadaw "must be a professional army that is apolitical; to be out of the shadow of political influence, it must not be involved in party politics or national politics," said Dr. Yan Myo Thein, a political analyst. Only when the Tatmadaw is a professional institution will it be able to assist in the country's democratic transition, he said. To achieve that, he said, the Tatmadaw "needs to end its involvement in the government and parliament sooner rather than later." While the Army Chief has stressed the importance of making the Tatmadaw a "standard" army, this is different from the professional institution advocated by many observers. Defining what is meant by being "free of the shadow of political influence" is tricky, said Kheung Sai, an adviser to the Restoration Council of Shan State. Only Sen Gen Min Aung Hlaing can really say what this means, Kheung Sai said. He suggested two possible meanings for the general's remark: that the Tatmadaw is a professional army that does not participate in politics; or that the Tatmadaw is not influenced by a particular political party. Allegations of rights abuses denied Despite accusations of human rights violations against ethnic minority areas during the civil war over the past seven decades, most recently in northern Rakhine State, the Army chief insisted that his troops strictly followed orders, rules and regulations. "No one is above the law," he said, adding that the Tatmadaw has a constitutional duty to protect citizens and the state without harming the state's sovereignty. He urged the new graduates to be good officers who are loyal to their superiors, respected by their subordinates and trusted by the people. Highlighting the Tatmadaw's role in the current Rakhine crisis, he said that while the military's efforts have been in accordance with the law, international institutions and some Western media misunderstood the Rakhine crisis due to the dissemination of incorrect information and propaganda. Though he did not mention any specific reports, it is likely that he was referring to those published by international human rights organizations during the past three months. Human Rights Watch has accused Tatmadaw troops of killing Rohingya and committing mass rapes against Rohingya women and girls. The United Nations and the U.S. have described the situation in Rakhine State as "ethnic cleansing", and Amnesty International has labeled the political situation there as "apartheid". Some Western media have suggested the Rohingya are the victims of genocide. Most people in Myanmar use the term "Bengali" rather than Rohingya. Sen Gen Min Aung Hlaing reiterated that his men "strictly followed orders and acted in accordance with the rules of engagement [ROE] during the recent Rakhine crisis." He said the Muslim militant group known as the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) – which the government regards as a terrorist group – coordinated attacks on 30 police outposts and an Army base and brutally killed local villagers. The general did not specify any groups of victims by name, but they are known to have included Rakhines, Mro and Hindus. Groups of minority Hindus were brutally killed in an ARSA attack on Aug. 25. Their bodies were unearthed one month later, on Sept. 24. "The Tatmadaw will provide full protection for those minority groups in Rakhine State to protect them from 'genocide'," he added. Push for NCA implementation Regarding the peace building process, he affirmed the Tatmadaw's view that the six-point policy for peace should be followed by all sides, as it was drafted based on past experiences and the current circumstances. He emphasized the importance of signing the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) with the eight ethnic armed groups, adding that "NCA principles don't impose any restriction nor prohibition on the rights of the people and allow them to enjoy their rights as much as possible. Thus peace can be achieved by quick implementation of the NCA." The Army chief's remarks about the NCA were welcomed by Kheung Sai, who said the military leader's comment would help smooth the path for further negotiations. Negotiations at a recent meeting of the Union Peace Dialogue Joint Committee and a review of the NCA's implementation involved heated debates over each term of the NCA, he explained. However, he said, "it should be clear that there are still some terms on which the ethnic armed organizations [EAOs]' leadership and the Tatmadaw have yet to agree." One of these sticking points concerns the definition of security reintegration, he said, with questions remaining over whether reintegration refers to assimilation into society or disarmament. This still needs further clarification, Kheung Sai said. EAO leaders want detailed discussions of security sector reforms (SSR). However, the Tatmadaw wants to limit discussions to disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) under the topic of security sector reintegration. The post Tatmadaw Chief Offers Cryptic Definition of Military's Political Role appeared first on The Irrawaddy. |
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