Monday, March 4, 2019

The Irrawaddy Magazine

The Irrawaddy Magazine


Bangladesh Urges U.S. to Help Repatriate Rohingya Refugees

Posted: 04 Mar 2019 06:07 AM PST

DHAKA — Bangladesh Disaster Management and Relief Minister Enamur Rahman on Sunday said he asked the U.S. to help find a way to repatriate the more than 1 million Rohingya refugees from Myanmar sheltering in the country’s Cox’s Bazar District.

He said he made the request during a meeting with the U.S. ambassador to Bangladesh, Earl Miller, in Dhaka earlier in the day.

"In the meeting I said, ‘Look, the donations or grants are not the main subject. Many days have passed. Now we want amicable repatriation with nationality rights and honor,'” Rahman told The Irrawaddy.

"We want repatriation as soon as possible with nationality rights. They will have to enjoy access to education, health, jobs and all human rights,” he added. “And I sought his opinion.”

He said the ambassador elaborated on U.S. financial support to Bangladesh and assured him Washington would help Dhaka find a way to repatriate the refugees.

In a statement, The U.S. Embassy in Dhaka said "the United States is committed to helping those affected by this crisis.  We are deeply appreciative of the generosity of the government and people of Bangladesh for opening their border and hearts to a Rohingya community that has suffered greatly.  We call on all nations with the means to contribute to this global humanitarian response."

Rahman also said that Bangladesh still intended to move forward with a controversial plan to relocate some of the refugees to Bhasan Char, a flood-prone island in the Bay of Bengal.

“It is the prime minister's desire to relocate them to those houses built for 23,000 families there," he said, adding that the office of the prime minister has been meeting with the Disaster Management and Relief Ministry, UN agencies and non-government organizations about the plan.

The minister said the principal secretary of the prime minister’s office, Nojibur Rahman, and others would meet with U.N. Resident Coordinator Mia Seppo in Dhaka again on Wednesday.

"Following the meeting on March 6, a final roadmap will be drawn up on how they will be relocated," he said.

Seppo did not respond to questions about the U.N.’s role in the relocation plan, which it has raised doubts and concerns about in the past.

In a tweet on Monday, Germany’s ambassador to Bangladesh, Peter Fahrenholtz, said: “I assume the relocation will happen on a voluntary basis and that there would be another assessment mission by the U.N.”

The relocation camp on Bhasan Char, a designated forest reserve that lies some 30 km from the mainland, is scheduled to be finished later this year by the Bangladesh Navy.

The U.S. Embassy statement said the United States was contributing $45.5 million to the United Nations World Food Program to support the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. It comes on top of the $60 million the U.S. pledged at the launch of the 2019 U.N. Joint Response Plan in Geneva on Feb. 15.

The U.S. is the leading contributor of humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya refugees and host communities in Bangladesh, providing nearly $500 million since August 2017.

The embassy said the latest contribution will go toward food, monsoon and cyclone preparation, and nutritional support for mothers and children.

The post Bangladesh Urges U.S. to Help Repatriate Rohingya Refugees appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Chinese Firm Involved in New Yangon City Has Long List of Controversies Abroad

Posted: 04 Mar 2019 05:10 AM PST

YANGON—A Chinese state-owned company, which has signed a framework agreement with the Yangon government to draw up a proposal for the infrastructure projects of the New Yangon City project across the Yangon River expected to be twice the size of Singapore, has been embroiled in a number of controversies for its involvement in alleged fraud, corruption and bribery in many other countries where it implemented similar development projects.

The 20,000-acre-wide New Yangon City, one of the projects of China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), was launched by the Yangon regional government in March last year via the government-owned New Yangon Development Company (NYDC). The investment for the first phase of the project, mostly infrastructure projects, is $1.5 billion.

NYDC signed a framework agreement with China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) in April last year for nine initial infrastructure projects in the first phase that includes two bridges, roads, power plants, water and wastewater treatment plants and a 10-square-kilometer industrial estate expected to generate 2 million jobs. However, it turns out that the Hong Kong-listed China-owned company has been accused of corruption and bribery in at least 10 countries—from the Philippines to Bangladesh to Tanzania—in Asia and Africa for development deals in those areas, according to international media reports.

Nearly a month after its formation, the NYDC announced that it signed the contract with CCCC without calling for tender.

"NYDC has chosen CCCC to sign a framework agreement because the company was considered to be the most qualified." Daw Myat Hsu Hlaing, NYDC's development and communication associate, told The Irrawaddy.

However, she did not answer questions on the other competitors during that time. She referred to the NYDC CEO Serge Pun's explanation on his blog on the NYDC website.

In the blog post, Serge Pun explained that NYDC believes CCCC has the required capability and sufficient experience in planning, designing, financing, constructing and regional developments similar to the project. He also gave some examples of CCCC projects, including the bridge that links Hong Kong to Macau and the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway.

He wrote, "CCCC comes with a depth of experience."

"CCC shareholders include multiple international institutional investors. CCCC comes with financial clout," he wrote.

He questioned, "Why would we not want to work with one of the largest and more experienced companies in the global infrastructure industry space?"

However, word of controversies surrounding the Chinese company has given rise to speculation among people in Myanmar that the New Yangon City might face the same fate as CCCC-operated development projects in other countries.

China Communications Construction Company

NYDC signed a framework agreement with CCCC on April 30, 2018 at Mingalar Hall at the Yangon regional government office. Among the attendees were Yangon Chief Minister Phyo Min Thein, Chinese Ambassador for Myanmar Hong Liang, CCCC President Chen Fenjian and CCCC's subsidiary China Harbor Engineering Company (CHEC) President Tang Qiaoliang.

At the ceremony, after talking about his company's achievements in the fields of development and operation, Mr. Chen Fenjian said the new city across the river was of "great significance" as it could rapidly and effectively expand urban space and drive seaward development. He said the group would integrate the highest-quality resources and closely cooperate with Myanmar to jointly build a "safe, wise and green" Yangon New City and continue to make new contributions to the economic and social development of Myanmar.

U Phyo Min Thein said Yangon New City would create a large number of jobs, deepen the friendship between China and Myanmar, and hoped that CCCC and NYDC could continue to working together to further improve infrastructure in Yangon and to benefit local people.

Based in Beijing, CCCC is one of the world's largest companies, focused on transportation infrastructure projects — supported in different business segments by over 60 subsidiaries such as China Road and Bridge Corporation, China Harbour Engineering and John Holland Group. According to China Daily, CCCC has set up more than 240 branches, research institutes and service hubs in 118 countries and regions. The group has signed overseas contracts worth $170 billion over the past five years.

However, CCCC and its subsidiaries have been leaving a trail of controversy in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Canada, Australia and Kenya. The company was sanctioned by the World Bank from January 2009 until January 2017 due to fraudulent bidding practices under Phase 1 of the Philippines National Roads Improvement and Management Project.

In Sri Lanka, CCCC's $1-billion Colombo Port City project has faced backlash from locals due to the risk of serious negative impacts on the environment and livelihoods.

The project, which is located on 269 hectares of land reclaimed from the ocean is being implemented by CCCC since 2014. The Sri Lankan government guaranteed that it wouldn't have any negative environmental impacts and countered local concerns about erosion, despite objections from environmentalists who warned the project would have a "severe impact" on the coastline, causing erosion and affecting marine biodiversity, fishery stocks, and breeding sites. CCCC drafted nearly 80 environmental impact and mitigating requirements in its framework.

Despite officials claiming they are following the guidelines, a Bloomberg report found major environmental damage along a 280-kilometer stretch of coastline north and south of the capital Colombo and 80,000 households that make a living from the sea affected. The All Ceylon Fisher Folk Trade Union revealed a 20 percent decline in catch.

(From left to right), China Harbor Engineering Company's President Tang Qiaoliang, China Communications Construction Company's President Chen Fenjian, Chinese Ambassador to Myanmar Hong Liang, Yangon Chief Minister Phyo Min Thein, Yangon's Minister for Electricity, Industry, Transport and Communication Daw Nilar Kyaw, New Yangon Development Company CEO Serge Pun and Yangon's Minister for Security and Border Affairs Col. Aung Soe Moe pose for the group photo at framework signing ceremony on April 30, 2018. / Yangon Regional Government / Facebook

Sri Lanka's current prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe later disclosed to the media that an investigation was being carried out into an $8.1-million fund transfer to opposition leader Rajapaksa's staff in 2018 before the elections when he was running for a third term. The prime minister said the fund included a payment from CCCC via an account with the Standard Chartered Bank.

Moreover, Australia accused CCCC of careless supervision in the construction of a children's hospital in 2016 which was being built by CCCC subsidiary John Holland. The report revealed the discovery of white asbestos in the roof panels at the new Perth Children’s Hospital and found failures in both the procurement process and the contract management process. The Australia construction union asked the government to consider a temporary ban on the import of building material from China. However, CCCC denied responsibility for the failures.

In 2014, two Tanzanian officials were charged with fraud for awarding a bloated contract of more than $500 million to CCCC to expand the main port in the country's capital city.

Kenya is another country facing the threat of falling into a BRI debt trap with China. Despite Beijing's denials, a key port in Mombasa has been at risk of being seized by China since last year. There were serious allegations of mistreatment of railway workers in 2018 by the China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) a subsidiary of the CCCC. Construction of the major railway was shut down after hundreds of workers went on strike. Moreover, the leg of the railway line running northeast from the capital was also a subject of local tension and anger due to the project's employment of Chinese workers on the construction site instead of the jobs being given to locals.

Last year, the Canadian government ordered CCCC not to implement a proposed investment project in order to protect national security.

In the same year, Bangladesh blacklisted China Harbour Engineering Company (CHEC) a subsidiary of CCCC for trying to bribe a secretary. The Chinese government had selected CHEC to construct the Dhaka-Sylhet highway after an MoU was signed between the governments in 2016 following a visit by President's Xi. A Bangladeshi finance minister told the media that the company granted the contract for the expansion of the highway had attempted to bribe another government official. Back in 2010, the former Bangladeshi prime minister's son, Arafat Rahman, was jailed and fined $1.6 million for accepting bribes from CHEC, for the Chittagong Port project bid. Rahman was accused of receiving over $2.09 million from CHEC in three installments, routed through U.S. institutions, in the spring and summer of 2005.

(From left to right) Chinese Ambassador to Myanmar Hong Liang, CCCC President Chen Fenjian and CHEC President Tang Qiaoliang at a meeting with members of Yangon regional government in 2018. / Yangon Regional Government / Facebook

The list of controversies connected with the company continues to grow longer as Malaysia opens an investigation into whether CCCC overcharged for a railroad linking Kuala Lumpur with Malaysia's east coast and about funds drawn to pay debts by the government development fund under the former prime minister Najib Razak who is currently facing trial on corruption charges. In October last year, Malaysia's new government canceled the project agreement out of debt trap fears. CCCC offered to reduce the project cost to RM 40 billion ($9.8 million) from RM 70 billion ($17.2 million), however the project is still in limbo.

In January, Thai media reported backlash against CCCC from the local people after the company failed to take into account the potential social and environmental impacts of dredging the Mekong River for commercial shipping.

Neither CCCC's Public Relations Division nor its Overseas Business Division replied to The Irrawaddy's requests for comments on Friday about public concern over whether New Yangon City would face the same fate due to the company's controversial background.

Public concerns

Given the long list of controversies connected with CCCC, it's no wonder New Yangon City is attracting mounting public concern and criticism. Critics have pointed out that the project poses the risk of facing the same fate as those other countries if the government doesn't consider the accountability of developer, the actual cost, the environmental impact, benefit-sharing and other social impacts.

Daw Sandar Min is a Yangon regional parliament lawmaker who represents Seikkyi Township, which is located within the project area of New Yangon City. She said the Yangon government should have known CCCC's controversial background before agreeing to work on the project, and that lawmakers will soon raise questions about the Chinese company in Parliament.

"Given the information we received so far, we must scrutinize CCCC's background very carefully," she said.

Yangon's Minister for Electricity, Industry, Transport and Communication Daw Nilar Kyaw receives a gift from CHEC President Tang Qiaoliang at the signing ceremony for a framework agreement at Mingalar Hall in Yangon Regional Government Office on April 30, 2018. / Yangon Regional Government / Facebook

RWR, a Washington-based advisory group tracking and analyzing China’s global business transactions, has identified a number of transactions by CCCC and its subsidiaries around the world that have introduced risk factors for their partners and customers. These have included public allegations of corruption and bribery, opaque public business dealings and complaints about the quality of the work.

According to Andrew Davenport, Chief Operating Officer of RWR, Chinese state-owned enterprises have a track record, in many cases, of choosing deals and putting forward bids based on calculations of their strategic value to Beijing, rather than their commercial value to the company's bottom line and/or shareholders.

"Meanwhile, the company (CCCC) has been accused of corruption and bribery in various other countries, including, for example, Bangladesh," he told The Irrawaddy.

He added, "If CCCC is willing to offer, by significant margins, the most generous terms available to Myanmar on this project, government officials and citizens should ask themselves why they are doing this?"

Davenport also warned that regardless of whether Myanmar can afford what is being offered or is making a sensible economic decision to spend this much money on a new city, generous, possibly "non-market" terms can create dependencies and deliver a degree of control or influence.

The framework agreement between NYDC and CCCC marks the first stage of the NYDC Challenge Model where a company that is qualified and competent to undertake the first phase of the development is selected to submit a set of Pre-Project Documents (PPD) which includes technical specifications, financial proposals and business models for NYDC's review.

Once the PPD is submitted and approved by NYDC, it will be made public to allow for any qualified party to challenge the agreement with better terms on the basis that it strictly adheres to the terms and conditions of the tender assessment criteria. NYDC said the PPD will be ready for publication soon.

The post Chinese Firm Involved in New Yangon City Has Long List of Controversies Abroad appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Minority Groups Weigh in on Having Chief Ministers Elected, Not Appointed

Posted: 04 Mar 2019 04:47 AM PST

Nearly three years into its administration, the ruling National League for Democracy (NLD) has taken steps to honor its campaign promise to amend the military-drafted Constitution. Parliament formed a joint committee to start drafting amendments last month.

The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) has since submitted a proposal to amend Section 261 of the Constitution. If approved, regional legislatures will be able to elect their chief ministers, who are currently appointed by the president.

While ethnic minority politicians also want to amend Section 261, they are concerned that it could end up giving even more power to the military, which is already guaranteed a quarter of the seats in the Union and regional legislatures.

Leaders of ethnic armed groups and political parties spoke to The Irrawaddy about their views on amending Section 261.

 

Padoh Saw Kwe Htoo Win

Vice Chairman, Karen National Union

Section 261 is about the appointment of region and state chief ministers. But there are sub-articles a, b, and c. It would be good if chief ministers could be selected from the regional lawmakers in the regions and states. But we have to think about the military-appointed lawmakers in the regional parliaments. We need to be careful about that. So careful assessment is needed before any action is taken, because we don't want to amend Section 261 alone. We need to think about other basic principles.

U Ba Shein

Lower House Lawmaker, Arakan National Party

If the centralization in the 2008 Constitution is to be reduced, the rights granted to states to run a parliament are not enough. We want the chief minister of the government, which directly manages the state, to be elected by the lawmakers of the party that wins the majority (of seats) in that parliament. This will allow stronger representation of the people.

But according to our experiences after the 2010 and 2015 elections, the needs of the people and the reality on the ground didn't match. In the 2010 elections, our party won nine of 17 townships in Rakhine State. But then the USDP, which won the least votes, appointed the chief minister.

Similarly, our party won 14 of 17 townships in the 2015 elections, and the NLD appointed its member as the Rakhine State chief minister. It is fair to say that this has caused political friction, racial conflict and a lack of trust.

For those reasons, we support the idea of having the chief minister elected by the party that wins the majority in state elections. Other provisions can be changed gradually. But for the time being this must be changed.

Sai Thiha Kyaw

Lower House Lawmaker, Shan Nationalities League for Democracy

In fact, ethnic minorities have wanted to amend Section 261 since the first Parliament (of the USDP-led government). Generally, ethnic minorities want the chief ministers to be elected by the regional parliaments. They must be elected from among the regional lawmakers. They must be people elected by the people, and then approved by the president later. This is what we want. It is important that he is accountable to local people. If they are responsible only to the president, there might be distance between them and the local people, and the representation of the people in government will be reduced.

It is difficult to talk about details for the time being. We don't know the views of the Tatmadaw (military) and other parties. We have two representatives on the committee to draft the amendments to the Constitution. They will discuss based on the policies of our party.

Nai Hong Sar

Vice Chairman, New Mon State Party

It is more appropriate that people elect the chief minister or the leaders of their own states. We will try to get the provision amended sometime in the future. We want to switch to federalism. If state chief ministers are appointed by the president, it is not federalism, it is controlled by the president. It is not right. This is our view.

The 25 percent share of military-appointed lawmakers must be reduced. The chief ministers must be elected by the people of that state. This is how it should be. We can't view things from one side. But my personal view is that Section 261 must be amended.

Khat Htein Nan

Chairman, Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State

It is the wish of the entire country that the Constitution be amended. The whole country is trying to get it amended. It can only be amended through Parliament. Originally the plan was to amend it through the NCA (Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement). But as the Panglong Conference has been adjourned, (the NLD) is trying to amend it through Parliament. Of course the Constitution must be amended.

The first Parliament tried but failed to amend it. So everyone is trying to amend it during the term of the second Parliament. We should welcome this, and I hope that those parts that need to be changed are finally changed.

Section 261 is about allowing the political party that wins the local election to choose the chief minister. This is a necessary requirement for transforming into a democratic federal Union. If the party that wins the majority in a local election can appoint the chief minister, it can be more accountable to the local people.

It is better to have the committee draft amendments to the Constitution than to have none. It would be good if many provisions are amended.

It would be good to amend Section 261, and related provisions should be amended too. I think it is necessary to also amend the provisions related to Section 261.

Daw Htoot May

Upper House Lawmaker, Arakan League for Democracy

Frankly speaking, ethnic minorities find it difficult to accept the basic principles of the Constitution. Section 6 (f) of the Constitution lets the Defense Services participate in the national political leadership of the country. We should start from there when changing the Constitution. Section 7 says the Union exercises genuine, disciplined, multi-party democracy. Democracy is already disciplined. So there is no need to add the adjectives "genuine” and “disciplined."

We can't achieve federalism, which ethnic minorities have been demanding for 70 years, by amending only Section 261. It is not the federalism we want in terms of essence and values. If local legislatures are finally allowed to elect their chief ministers, we should move forward to Appendix 2 and the rights of the people. Appendix 2 doesn't give power to state governments; everything is handled by the Union government. This is not fair.

I wonder if those provisions will be amended all at once. Amending only that section won't guarantee any ethnic rights in particular. Myanmar can't achieve federalism by amending that section alone.

In my view the chief minister, if the proposed amendment is approved, will get the title but not the power to make meaningful changes for ethnic minorities.

If the Tatmadaw is not magnanimous, and unless the Tatmadaw compromises, we can do nothing to the Constitution. No matter how hard Parliament tries, the Constitution won't be amended. So the legislative branch is the most important factor regarding real democracy and real federalism.

Because parliaments need to be built with elected lawmakers. So if they (the Tatmadaw) have goodwill for the country, and if they are willing to learn the lessons of the past 70 years, we first need to establish parliaments with 100 percent elected lawmakers.

Only when all the parliaments in the country have 100 percent elected lawmakers will the right path to amending the Constitution be at hand.

Lar Mar Lay

Lower House Lawmaker, Lisu National Development Party

I support amending Section 261 of the 2008 Constitution. The USDP submitted the proposal, and I believe all the Tatmadaw representatives will support it, and so will the lawmakers of the NLD.

But I doubt that amending Section 261 can really benefit ethnic minorities. There are ethnic parties in the states, but it is quite difficult for them to win, like the Arakan (National) Party in its state. So I am concerned that the amendment won't bring about real benefits.

Kham Khant Htan

Lower House Lawmaker, Zomi Congress for Democracy

The country can't become a federal democratic Union by changing only Section 261. But the centralization of the administrative system will change a bit. Other things will not change.

Many provisions in the Constitution need to be changed. First, changes must be made so that the country can transform into a federal Union. Related by-laws can be adopted later. But this can't be done immediately.

Right now Section 261 allows a centralized system. Not only chief ministers but also ministers are appointed to region and state governments. Our state, Chin, has experienced this problem. So I believe things will be somewhat different if chief ministers are elected by lawmakers.

The post Minority Groups Weigh in on Having Chief Ministers Elected, Not Appointed appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

10 Missing after Fighting Between Rival EAOs Causes Villagers to Flee in N. Shan

Posted: 04 Mar 2019 04:32 AM PST

Ten people are missing after residents of Mann Lee village in northern Shan State's Namtu Township fled their homes on March 1 amid fierce fighting between rival ethnic groups in the area, according to local sources.

Two of the missing had stayed behind in the village to take care of their properties. The others disappeared after being displaced by the fighting.

Ko Myo of the Philanthropists Without Borders Association based in Lashio told The Irrawaddy on Monday that the group was still searching for the 10 missing IDPs.

"We first went to check on their village today. But we could not find them. We haven't heard any news of them yet," he said.

Ko Myo visited the village on Monday morning. He said one house had been destroyed by an artillery shell. Another shell had landed in front of a Buddhist monastery in the village.

"We saw some properties that had been destroyed in the village by fighting, but not a lot," he said.

The association would ask for help from ethnic armed groups to search for the missing villagers if it couldn't find them, he said.

"We want to take a little bit more time to see whether they contact their families," he said. "If not, we will ask the ethnic armed groups to help us find them," he said.

The 10 missing villagers are all ethnic Ta'ang and range in age from 15 to 41. The 41-year-old is rescue team member Sai Nge Lay, said Ko Myo.

Ko Sai, the older brother of Sai Nge Lay, told The Irrawaddy on Monday that his brother disappeared on March 1 when he went to rescue other villagers who were trapped by the fighting.

Sai Nge Lay works as a member of a volunteer rescue team in Lashio helping local IDPs in Namtu Township. Ko Sai said that Sai Nge Lay drove his car to Mann Lee village intending to rescue people after receiving a phone call from someone in the village asking for help.

Family members of the 10 missing people have raised the disappearances with Namtu Township authorities.

Ko Sai said he went back to Mann Lee on Sunday looking for his younger brother but could not find him.

"We could not find him or his car," Ko Sai said.

A joint force of Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) and Shan State Progressive Party (SSPP) fighters have clashed periodically with Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS) troops since February. The fighting escalated on March 1, prompting the residents of Mann Lee to flee. The IDPs from the village are a mixture of Shan and Ta'ang who have lived peacefully together for many years.

Armed conflict is common in northern Shan State. Sometimes it involves fighting between the Myanmar Army and ethnic armed groups. However, fighting also occasionally breaks out between rival ethnic armed groups.

The RCSS is an ethnic Shan armed group originally based in southern Shan State. Its members began moving into northern Shan after the group signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement, leading to a territorial dispute with the SSPP and TNLA.

The TNLA and SSPP are ethnic Ta'ang and Shan groups based in northern Shan. Both are members of the Northern Alliance of armed groups. The TNLA and SSPP have jointly fought back against the RCSS' encroachment on their territory. Their current military operation aims to kick the RCSS out of their area of control.

Fighting escalated in northern Shan last year, especially in Namtu and Hsipaw townships, from which hundreds of ethnic Shan and Ta'ang have been displaced. There are about 2,000 IDPs currently staying in camps in Hsipaw Township. The most recent fighting has centered around two locations, one in Loi Lin village in Hsipaw Township, and the other in Mann Lee in Namtu Township. The two areas are considered by the RCSS to sit on a line of demarcation between southern and northern Shan.

The post 10 Missing after Fighting Between Rival EAOs Causes Villagers to Flee in N. Shan appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Yangon Authorities Slow to Implement New Municipal Law

Posted: 04 Mar 2019 04:00 AM PST

YANGON—For many years, Yangon's municipal body—the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC)—has been notorious for alleged corruption and negligence in carrying out its duties. However, hopes were raised when a new municipal law was enacted in June last year. The new legislation replaced the 1922 City of Rangoon Municipal Act and, together with the 2013 Yangon City Development Law, aims to reform the body and improve its services.

The new law creates a vice mayor position to assist the mayor in managing development projects in Yangon and increases the number of elected YCDC members from four to six. It also carries harsher penalties for unregulated street vendors, squatters, littering, betel juice spitting, and destruction of public places and heritage buildings, while more closely regulating businesses, construction and urban planning in the city.

Unlike previous legislation, the new law introduces penalties for municipal staff found guilty of negligence or serious mistakes.

If the YCDC can fully implement the law, it could drastically change the public perception that municipal officials need to be paid to get things done, satisfying residents who have long been unhappy with services in the city.

Yet, eight months after the law was enacted, including a three-month public education period in July, August and September last year, only a few steps have been taken to implement it.

A recent series of photographs taken around the city by The Irrawaddy illustrate the weaknesses in the YCDC's application of the new legislation.

Vendors, food stalls, shops out of control

Hawkers and vendors choke the streets of Yangon, posing serious problems including blocking traffic and forcing pedestrians to walk on the streets.

Lawmaker U Than Naing Oo of Panbedan Township said officials had managed to clear street vendors off the pavements of the main downtown roads after the new YCDC Law came into effect. He added that vendors would also gradually be banned from sleeping overnight on the roadsides.

"Personally, I don't support the forced removal of vendors. We need to explain it to them and raise their awareness of the need to abide by the law," the lawmaker added.

Yet, many regional lawmakers are frustrated by what they called a cat-and-mouse game. Lawmaker U Wai Phyo Han of Insein Township said that in his constituency, municipal workers clear the sprawl of vendors and stalls from the street sides when complaints are made. But the vendors simply hide out for a while and reappear after the municipal inspections are complete.

Unregulated street-side food stalls exacerbate traffic congestion in Myaynigone, Yangon. (Photo: Htet Wai / The Irrawaddy)

Lawmaker U Thawda Aung of Sanchaung Township said roadside vending in Yangon had become deeply rooted after such a long period of neglecting to enforce the law. The vendors believe they are trying to make an honest living, forgetting that it is an offense under the law.

He said unregulated vending also harms the sales of those vendors who obey the law by selling inside of YCDC permitted markets. Some street vendors sell outside in a bid to attract more customers.

The lawmaker said strict action also needed to be taken regarding larger stalls and big shops that intrude onto the streets, in addition to the small roadside vendors. The YCDC Law prohibits any obstruction of public roads, streets and sidewalks; violation carries a fine of 100,000-500,000 kyats as well as a 3-month jail term for repeat offenders.

"The committee needs to enforce the law strictly to prevent the problems from which the residents suffer," lawmaker U Thawdar Aung added.

Regional lawmaker U Kyaw Zay Ya of Dagon Township cited the YCDC's poor planning and lack of long-term solutions as major reasons behind the failure to effectively regulate the street vendors.

"They need to have a plan on how and where they will relocate them in each township. But now, there is no such a plan. They carry out raids if there is a serious complaint against them and shoo away the sellers. This is not a solution," he said.

Generators

Another vivid example of the YCDC's failure to enforce the law is the old generators sitting idle in defiance of the 100,000 to 500,000 kyat fine called for in the law. The law also calls for repeat offenders to serve a six-month jail term.

Lawmaker U Than Naing Oo of Panbedan Township said data has been collected on generators that need to be removed under the new law in his constituency. He said the notice would be issued to those who put the generators in place and will give them  some time to remove them. If not, the YCDC must take action against them.

"But we will need to take time to implement it," he added.

Rubbish management

Waste management in Yangon is operated in a piecemeal manner by a team of YCDC employees, hampered by a shortage of waste bins and an upsurge in consumer goods purchases, with streets often cluttered with plastic debris and discarded leftover food in alleyways and gutters.

Lawmaker U Wai Phyo Han of Insein Township said that with the initiatives of the lawmakers, a few townships in Yangon including his constituency have launched a new plan for the municipal staff to collect the rubbish of each household at the residents' homes two or three times a week.

The plan aims to improve the garbage collection system as well as reduce locals' throwing rubbish into the alleyways and drains on the grounds that waste bins are too far away from their residence.

But it is far from certain that the plan will be sustainable, given the committee's limited manpower and equipment.

Stray Dogs and ‘merit feeding’

"We have dog lovers but for those who don't like them, stray dogs are a safety hazard," lawmaker U Thawda Aung of Sanchaung Township said.

Sanchaung is among the townships with large populations of stray dogs. Most of the streets of Sanchaung are crowded with stray dogs, especially at night. They fight each other over territory and sometimes attack children playing on the streets. It is also a big concern for local residents who frequently call the authorities in to handle the dogs, which also carry the threat of rabies. Yet, the YCDC's old method of poisoning dogs has been criticized. The committee's options of vaccination and sterilization have also been carried out on a few occasions.

U Thawda Aung added that those who throw food onto the ground irresponsibly to feed strays should face action as per the law, as it is a dirty habit and the uneaten leftovers create unhygienic surroundings. Under the new YCDC Law, such actions are punishable with fines of 100,000 to 500,000 kyats.

Spitting betel nut in public spaces is very common. Under the new YCDC Law, the act is an offense bringing a fine of 30,000 to 50,000 kyats. (Photo: Htet Wai/ The Irrawaddy)

New Hope

Lawmaker U Thawda Aung of Sanchaung Township said the incomplete structure of the municipal body is a main weakness in implementing the law. YCDC is mainly responsible for applying the law, yet it lacks elected members in the executive and township level committees.

Lawmaker Ko Nay Phone Latt of Thingangyun Township and MP Ma Kyi Pya of Kyauktada Township shared this view. They said that with the lack of elected representatives, the committee members faced huge workloads in managing the development of Yangon.

Yangon City Hall. (Photo: The Irrawaddy)

Municipal elections will be held on March 31. A total of 274 candidates have been registered to run in the elections. There are 99 seats at the township level—three seats each in 33 townships—and six for the YCDC's executive board.

"We hope there will be improvements after the election. Even if half of the elected representatives really work for the people, they will surely make a difference to the city," MP Ma Kyi Pya said.

The post Yangon Authorities Slow to Implement New Municipal Law appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Groups Say INGO Threatens to Inflame Religious Tensions in Meiktila

Posted: 04 Mar 2019 01:54 AM PST

YANGON—Residents of Mandalay Region's Meiktila have signed a petition protesting against international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), saying their actions threaten to reignite sectarian conflict in the town.

A meeting was held on Feb. 27 at the Wai Yan Bontha Monastery, which is widely known to be loyal to Ma Ba Tha—the Burmese-language acronym for the Association for the Protection of Race and Religion. Nationalist groups, disciples and members of the Young Myanmar Buddhist Association attended the meeting and signed the petition, which will be presented to authorities, said U Win Zaw, who was present. `

"It's not because of religion. We don't want organizations in our town that sow discord between two societies on the pretext of providing social assistance," U Win Zaw said.

The petition organizers have singled out MA-UK (Myanmar) for particular criticism, accusing the INGO of failing to cooperate with local authorities. The organization is planning to set up an office in the town.

MA-UK (Myanmar) did not reply to The Irrawaddy's request for comment about locals' accusations.

The petition reads, "I sign here of my own volition [affirming] that I totally oppose foreign-backed (so-called social assistance) INGOs including MA-UK Myanmar opening offices in Meiktila Township, and engaging in various forms of activity."

More than 40 people were killed and many injured during violent clashes between the township's Buddhist and Muslim communities in March 2013. Mosques and houses were reduced to ashes in the riots.

The violence started on March 20 following a brawl between a Muslim gold shop owner and a Buddhist customer. Anti-Muslim riots spread to some 15 towns in other regions and states.

MA-UK is working to repair drains in Chan Aye Tha Ward in the west of Meiktila, where Muslim residents whose houses were destroyed were resettled after the riots, but some locals have complained that the INGO failed to cooperate with local authorities, said Lower House lawmaker Dr. Maung Thin of Meiktila Township.

"The town was hit hard in 2013. We are concerned that it will happen again. I want all sides to work for peace," he said.

"The peaceful relations the two societies enjoyed in the past have been restored. There is no problem and we should be careful about incendiary speeches," said Meiktila resident U Aung Thein.

The township administrator filed a lawsuit against the supervisor of MA-UK (Myanmar) in 2016 in response to the organization's activities in Meiktila, but the court rejected his complaint, according to local residents.

MA-UK (Myanmar) is based in London and began working in Myanmar in 2012 to provide food and relief items for people in conflict areas. Headquartered in Yangon's Dagon Township, it has branch offices in Sittwe, Mrauk-U and Maungdaw in Rakhine State, and started operations in Meiktila in December 2016.

The post Groups Say INGO Threatens to Inflame Religious Tensions in Meiktila appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

‘Rescued’ Myanmar Army Man Returns

Posted: 03 Mar 2019 11:57 PM PST

DHAKA—At a flag meeting on Sunday, Border Guard Bangladesh authorities handed over the Myanmar military solider employed with their Border Guard Police 38 days after he was rescued inside Bangladesh territory.

The 28-year-old army constable, Aung Bo Bo Thein of the Myanmar Border Guard Police Branch No. 5, was handed over at an official ceremony between Border Guard Bangladesh and Myanmar Border Guard Police held at the Ghundum land border in Naikhyangchari Region of Bandarban District.

He was "rescued" on Jan. 24 in the Banhatirchhara area of the same region by the Border Guard Bangladesh who acted on information from the Myanmar side on Jan. 22, the Bangladesh officials said.

A nine-member Border Guard Bangladesh delegation led by Teknaf Border Guard battalion commanding officer Lt-Col Md Asaduzzaman held the flag meeting with Myanmar Border Guard Police Lt-Col Kyaw Win Hlaing, commanding officer of the Border Guard Battalion-34, Lt-Col Ali Haider Azad Ahmed, told The Irrawaddy over the phone.

About the delay in returning the soldier, Lt-Col Azad said the matter was taken up by the Bangladesh foreign ministry and settled with the Myanmar foreign ministry which finally led the handing over.

According to the Border Guard Bangladesh officials, the Myanmar constable became "lost while on duty" on Jan. 22 evening and was found "drunk" and wandering "aimlessly around 3.5 kilometers inside Bangladesh from the international border on the morning of Jan. 24.

Lt-Col Azad said they in principal followed the rules as prescribed by the Geneva Convention to deal with the soldier and his food, accommodation, medical treatment and other facilities were given as accordingly.

Aung Bo Bo Thein, was seen in uniform while returning with his senior officials on Sunday afternoon.

He is originally from a Yangon garrison of the Myanmar military.

A local Bangla-language daily Nayadiganta quoted Bangladesh border guard officials saying that in primary interrogations of the soldier, he expressed that he was unhappy with his army job in Myanmar.

Following his rescue, the Bangladesh border guard officials had said they would send him back "as soon as possible", in compliance with their commitment to good relations with their Myanmar border guard counterparts.

The post 'Rescued' Myanmar Army Man Returns appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Mandalay Court Charges Ex-FDA Director With Graft

Posted: 03 Mar 2019 10:52 PM PST

MANDALAY — A Mandalay Region court on Friday charged the former director-general of the Health and Sports Ministry’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with bribery.

The court charged U Than Htut, 60, under Section 56 of the Anti-Corruption Law after hearing from more than 30 prosecution witnesses since May. If convicted, he faces up to 10 years in prison.

"The court has summoned 11 witnesses again for further testimony. There will be a court hearing for them on March 8," said U Chit Ko Ko, the former director-general’s lawyer.

U Than Htut was accused of asking a company to build him two furnished homes and a swimming pool with a combined value of over 15 million kyats (about $10,000) in exchange for a contract to build laboratories for the FDA. The Anti-Corruption Commission sued him in April.

U Than Htut trained as a civilian physician and later served as a military doctor. He was also an assistant professor at the Yangon University of Public Health. He joined the FDA as deputy director-general in March 2015 and was later promoted to the top slot.

His prosecution was the first to be announced by the Anti-Corruption Commission following the inauguration a year ago of President U Win Myint, who has vowed to crack down on government graft.

U Than Htut has denied receiving any personal benefit from the company, which the government has not identified.

Translated from Burmese by Thet Ko Ko.

The post Mandalay Court Charges Ex-FDA Director With Graft appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

India-Pakistan Border Quiet But Kashmir Tense Amid Militancy Crackdown

Posted: 03 Mar 2019 08:14 PM PST

SRINAGAR, India/MUZAFFARABAD, Pakistan — As India and Pakistan seemingly dial down hostilities that brought the arch enemies to the brink of another war, a massive crackdown on militancy in the Indian-controlled Kashmir region is killing both militants and security personnel in big numbers.

At the Line of Control (LoC), the de facto border between the nuclear-armed neighbors, there was relative calm in the past 24 hours, their armies said on Sunday. The exchange of fire in the past few days has killed seven people on the Pakistani side and four on the Indian side, though the release of a downed Indian fighter pilot by Pakistan on Friday night has helped de-escalate tensions.

“By and large the LoC was calm last night, but you never know when it will become active again,” said Chaudhry Tariq Farooq, a minister in Pakistani Kashmir. “Tension still prevails.”

Indian warplanes carried out air strikes on Tuesday inside northeast Pakistan’s Balakot on what New Delhi called militant camps. Islamabad denied any such camps existed, as did some villagers in the area when Reuters visited.

Nevertheless, Pakistan retaliated on Wednesday with its own aerial mission in a show of force.

The countries have fought three wars since independence from Britain in 1947.

In Indian-ruled Kashmir, troops on Sunday shot dead two militants after a three-day gun battle that also killed five security force personnel, taking the total death toll to 25 in the past two weeks. The fresh anti-militancy drive was launched after a Kashmiri suicide bomber, a member of a Pakistan-based militant group, killed 40 Indian paramilitary police on Feb. 14.

The government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi has also come down hard on separatist groups operating in Kashmir, including by banning the Jamaat-e-Islami party, two of whose clerics were detained in raids on Saturday night.

On Sunday residents observed a shutdown in South Kashmir’s Tral area against the detentions. Shops were closed and traffic was off the roads in the area, and a protest march took place.

Indian authorities have arrested more than 300 Jamaat leaders and activists in the past two weeks, accusing the group of supporting attempts to “carve out an Islamic State out of India” by destabilizing the government.

Amit Shah, the president of India’s ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party that faces a general election by May, told an election rally that the government has made it clear to the separatists that “if they want to live in India, they will have to speak the language of India, not Pakistan’s.”

The government, however, has come under pressure from the opposition to share proof that “a very large number” of militants were killed in air strikes inside Pakistan this week, after doubts were raised there were any casualties in the attack.

Finance Minister Arun Jaitley, one of Modi’s top lieutenants, said on Saturday “no security agencies ever share operational details” and dismissed suggestions that the escalation in tensions with Pakistan had anything to do with domestic politics ahead of the election. Pollsters expect the ruling party to benefit from the nationalistic passion sweeping the country.

The post India-Pakistan Border Quiet But Kashmir Tense Amid Militancy Crackdown appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Huawei CFO Suing Canada Over December Arrest

Posted: 03 Mar 2019 08:07 PM PST

OTTAWA, Canada — The lawyers for Huawei Chief Financial Officer Meng Wanzhou are suing the Canadian government, its border agency and federal police, alleging their client was detained, searched and interrogated for three hours in violation of her constitutional rights.

Canada arrested Meng in Vancouver on Dec. 1 at the request of the United States, which has brought sweeping charges against her and China’s Huawei Technologies Co. that portray the company as a threat to U.S. national security. Meng was charged with bank and wire fraud to violate American sanctions against Iran.

In a civil lawsuit filed in the British Columbia Supreme Court on Friday, Meng’s lawyers said the manner in which officers obtained evidence and information from Meng constituted serious violations of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Meng is the daughter of Huawei’s founder.

It added that Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) officers deliberately delayed the immediate execution of an arrest warrant and unlawfully subjected Meng to detention, search and interrogation to extract evidence from her before she was arrested.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police – Canada’s federal police – only exercised its arrest warrant three hours after Meng’s “unlawful” detention at the airport, the lawsuit added.

There was no immediate response from Canada’s justice ministry or the RCMP. The CBSA said it did not comment on matters before the courts.

Meng, who is out on bail, is due to appear in a Vancouver court at 6 p.m. GMT on Wednesday, when a date will be set for her extradition hearing. The Canadian government approved her extradition proceedings on Friday.

China, whose relations with Canada have deteriorated over the affair, denounced Canada’s decision on Friday and repeated previous demands for Meng’s release.

The lawsuit further alleged that Meng was directed to surrender all her electronic devices, computers and passwords and that CBSA officers then unlawfully opened and viewed the contents of the seized devices in violation of her right to privacy.

CBSA officers also searched Meng’s luggage in violation of the right to privacy, the lawsuit said. “The CBSA Officers knew or were recklessly indifferent to the fact that they had no authority to conduct such a search, which search was performed under the false pretense of a routine customs or immigration related examination,” according to the lawsuit.

The post Huawei CFO Suing Canada Over December Arrest appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Sunday, March 3, 2019

The Irrawaddy Magazine

The Irrawaddy Magazine


The Day the British Colonized Myanmar—and a Library Legacy

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 06:31 PM PST

On this day in 1886, Britain announced that Myanmar (then Burma) was officially under its rule. With the announcement, the Southeast Asian country lost its sovereignty to the British for 62 years until independence in 1948. The announcement was signed by Sir Charles Edward Bernard, who would serve as the chief commissioner of Burma until 1887. On a more positive note, the Bristol native was the man behind the country's first free public library. He opened the Bernard Free Library using his own collection of books on Feb. 12, 1883, directly across from Rangoon General Hospital. In June 1952 the well-resourced library officially became the Myanmar National Library. A former cantonment named after Bernard near Moegoke in Mandalay Region is now a tourist attraction.

The post The Day the British Colonized Myanmar—and a Library Legacy appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Saturday, March 2, 2019

The Irrawaddy Magazine

The Irrawaddy Magazine


Military Not Pulling Its Punches on Charter Change

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 08:14 PM PST

Kyaw Zwa Moe: Welcome to Dateline Irrawaddy! The National League for Democracy (NLD)'s relations with the Tatmadaw [Myanmar's military] and the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) have been tense since the NLD took steps to amend the Constitution. There has been a lot of criticism on social media about the statements by the USDP and the Tatmadaw. We will discuss what the Tatmadaw can do to win the love and support of the people regarding constitutional amendment. Political analyst U Maung Maung Soe and political journalist Ko Thiha Thway join me to discuss the issue. I'm [The Irrawaddy English editor-in-chief] Kyaw Zwa Moe.

The Tatmadaw held a press conference on Saturday. They said they agree [in principle] with amending the Constitution, but the NLD had not complied with procedures and the law. Military-appointed lawmakers and officials of the Tatmadaw True News Information Team also talked a lot. And there was public criticism in response. For example, [military-appointed lawmaker] Brigadier-General Maung Maung told reporters, "The country will face instability if any one political party amends the Constitution with only its [own] goals in mind. Because our country is in a strategic position, it could become a battleground if the wrong position is taken. It is necessary to be aware of this." Ko Maung Maung Soe, do the military leaders need to respond that strongly? Are their concerns reasonable?

Maung Maung Soe: The problem stems from a failure to negotiate in the name of national reconciliation. The Tatmadaw needs to think about what impacts their responses will have. They need to think about whether people accept and support their responses in Parliament, and their responses at press conference, and if their responses are appropriate considering the reality facing the country. Some view their response as too aggressive. The Tatmadaw has been deeply involved in politics for 57 years, since 1962. In fact, it has been involved since 1948, because civil war broke out [in that year] and has continued since. And the existing Constitution gives the Tatmadaw a major role to play. Under such circumstances, the Tatmadaw doesn't need to respond so aggressively, I think. If it responds with restraint—by saying that it agrees with constitutional change in principle but wants it to take place in line with procedures—the view of the people, as well as those of foreign countries and investors, of the Tatmadaw might be different.

KZM: Ko Thiha, you attended the Tatmadaw's press conference. The Tatmadaw True News Information Team's secretary, Major-General Tun Tun Nyi, said the NLD bent the rules after taking office in 2015. He said it stretched the rules by submitting the State Counselor Law. People are not happy with the Tatmadaw's response. What is your view?

Thiha Thway: When Daw Aung San Suu Kyi first entered Parliament, she had to take an oath that she would safeguard the Constitution. She refused to take that oath, which was the beginning of the problems regarding the NLD and the Constitution. As with the State Counselor Law, the NLD caught [the Tatmadaw] off guard when it submitted the [constitutional amendment] proposal. The Tatmadaw raised objections. It said time should be made for discussion of such a contentious issue. The Tatmadaw says such matters should not be put to a vote. The NLD has a majority in Parliament. The Tatmadaw thinks the NLD has wielded its majority too aggressively, and has responded. This has resulted in tensions between the two sides.

KZM: The NLD has not said which provisions it will seek to amend. But judging from the 168 proposed amendments to the Constitution the NLD published in 2014, I can conclude that the party will not push the Tatmadaw to retreat from politics for the time being; for example [the provision guaranteeing] that 25 percent of lawmakers will be military representatives appointed to Parliament by the commander-in-chief of defense services. Nor do I think the NLD will push to restrict the power of the commander-in-chief. Given the current situation, the NLD is not likely to do so, as it is working for national reconciliation. U Maung Maung Soe, do you think the Tatmadaw needs to be worried? In my opinion, the NLD will continue working together with the Tatmadaw for the next 15, 20 years.

MMS: There is one thing that the Tatmadaw and the military-backed USDP are worried about. Constitutional amendment is supported by the majority of the people. Frankly speaking, it is the best tool to solicit votes in the 2020 election. The majority of the people will not cast votes for anyone who is against amending the Constitution. The majority of the people want to have it amended. Today, nobody thinks that the Constitution doesn't need to be changed. Everyone says it needs to be changed, though there has not been any argument yet about which provisions should be changed. Rather than raising strong objections at this moment, it would be better to have a debate after the provisions to be amended are sorted out.

KZM: It is the task of the committee [to draft amendments to the Constitution].

MMS: Yes, it is. However small their representation on the committee, the Tatmadaw, USDP, Shan Nationalities League for Democracy, Arakan National Party and other parties have the right to debate anyway. Again, nothing the committee agrees is final. Its proposed amendments will be submitted to Parliament and will be finalized only after being approved by Parliament. Though the NLD is in the majority at present, it holds just over 60 percent [of seats]. It is difficult to get those amendments approved as this requires more than 70 percent of votes, according to Section 436 [of the charter]. Whether they will be approved will depend on negotiations. Only when the two sides agree can a particular provision be amended in Parliament. There is no need to worry too much. They can respond calmly.

KZM: Given the current political landscape, how far will the NLD go to amend the Constitution?

TT: When the committee starts discussions, we will see which provisions will be hard to amend. Besides the discussion inside the committee, there should be talks between the leaders of the two sides outside the committee. If the Army chief and NLD leader reach an agreement, the committee will also be able to arrive at an agreement. As the committee will hold detailed discussions on particular provisions, the different views on those provisions will become clearer. And if the leaders of the two sides are willing to negotiate based on those views, I hope the Constitution can be changed to a certain extent. As you've said, the NLD can't amend the Constitution as it wishes. And the NLD knows that it can't.

KZM: Ko Maung Maung Soe, speaking of civilian-military relations, the Tatmadaw shouldn't focus just on the relations between military and civilian leaders, but also on what they call soldier-state relations and soldier-society relations; in other words the relations between them and the people. Only then will it become more respectable, right?

MMS: When we talk about civilian-military relations, generally we focus on what the civilian side should do to improve its relations with the military. In my view, the military should think about how to improve its relations with the civilian side. Both Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD have shown that they understand that the Constitution can't be amended right away. At an exclusive meeting on Oct. 15, 2018, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said that ethnicities might have their own dreams about what should constitute a federal Union, but at the same time, there is a need to acknowledge the reality of the 2008 Constitution, which [she said] should be amended step by step. This is the stance of the NLD. Lawmakers of the Tatmadaw, USDP, NLD and all the other parties, if all of them agree that the Constitution should be amended, the first thing they should do is to think about what particular provisions should be amended as a priority. The peace and ethnic issues are the most pressing issues now. We should think about whether or not to amend provisions related to ethnic issues, self-determination and equality first. If they proceed based on those basic points, it will be easier to solve the problem.

KZM: I think many points can be amended then. Speaking of ethnic issues, military officers said at [Saturday's conference] that the Tatmadaw would withdraw from politics only when ethnic armed organizations no longer exist. Ethnic leaders are not happy with that. What is your assessment of it?

MMS: Previously, the NLD planned to amend the Constitution based on agreements reached at the Union Peace Conference. But now, as it is trying to amend the Constitution with lawmakers only, ethnic armed organizations have been left out while political parties are included. The two key players, the NLD and the Tatmadaw, need to think about how to solve this.

KZM: Ko Thiha, if all sides reach an agreement, either through the committee or by other means, to change the Constitution to a certain extent, the democratic transition in our country will be smooth. It may take two years or more. But this will earn us credit both in ASEAN and the international community. What is your expectation, as the committee is due to submit its report in July? Do you think there will be favorable developments in the months to come?

TT: The NLD and ethnic parties desperately want to amend the Constitution. The problem arises because there are two different dreams—their dream of how they want to build the country and the Tatmadaw's dream of how it wants to keep the country going. So, they need to negotiate over their dreams first. The Tatmadaw is resisting constitutional amendment. Though it says it wants to amend the Constitution, it is concerned that the amendments will have a negative impact on what they have built. It takes a defensive position and resists. In my view, the Tatmadaw should think about the changes envisioned by the ethnic groups and democratic forces led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and make appropriate changes to achieve that change.

KZM: U Maung Maung Soe, my last question. Myanmar people respect the Tatmadaw, and basically accept that the Tatmadaw is necessary. But the question is how the Tatmadaw will gradually retreat from politics. How should the Tatmadaw act to win the love of the people and not be cursed by the people? When Myanmar finally becomes a truly democratic country—it may take a long time, perhaps 30 years or so—the Tatmadaw will only have to focus on its state defense duties. How realistic should the Myanmar Tatmadaw act in these years?

MMS: First of all, there is national reconciliation, because the two sides cannot crush each other.  Because of this, there must be compromises. Secondly, taking a look at the past, if one side thinks it has been right all along, it will be hard to solve the problem. Because the conflict is happening between two sides; if one side has always been right all along, the other side would have always been wrong. This won't solve the problem. So I think people will accept it if the Tatmadaw and the NLD, which are the two main stakeholders now, objectively and responsibly judge the rights and wrongs of history.

KZM: Thank you for your contributions! We will wait and see if the ending turns out to be a happy one for Myanmar!

The post Military Not Pulling Its Punches on Charter Change appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

This Week in Parliament

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 07:00 PM PST

Monday (Feb. 25)

Deputy Minister for Ethnic Affairs U Hla Maw Oo replied to the question raised by U Wai Sein Aung, Upper House lawmaker from Rakhine State Constituency 1 on whether there is a plan to designate Sept. 9, the anniversary of the death of independence hero Sayadaw U Ottama, as a gazetted holiday in the entire country or only in Rakhine State. The deputy minister said the government currently does not have such a plan.

Tuesday (Feb. 26)

Deputy Minister for Planning and Finance U Set Aung explained the matters related to informing signatories of the rectification of the coming into effect of the ASEAN, Hong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement sent by the president to the Union Parliament.

Wednesday (Feb. 27)

Nine representatives discussed a motion calling for the effective implementation of seed sector development as a major resource for agricultural development submitted by U Aung Kyi Thein, a representative of Mon State's Chaungzon constituency and the session approved it.

 Thursday (Feb. 28)

Union Parliament voted against extending the terms of the Legal Affairs and Special Cases Assessment Commission headed by ex-general and former Lower House speaker U Shwe Mann. Only 20 lawmakers voted in favor of extending the commission, while 555 voted against it with 10 abstentions.

Friday (Mar. 1)

Seven representatives discussed the motion of Upper House representative U Pyi Phyo Zaw calling for the government to adopt frameworks for mid- and long-term project objectives by reviewing land management and national land use strategies. U Pyi Phyo Zaw pointed out the importance of policies, strategies, procedures, laws and rules and regulations for the sustainable development of the country. The deputy minister for natural resources and environmental conservation took part in the discussions and the motion was approved.

The post This Week in Parliament appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

The Day Democracy Died in Myanmar

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 06:28 PM PST

On this day in 1962, the Myanmar military seized power after abolishing the elected government of U Nu, who had been voted in two years earlier. In a radio announcement on March 2, coup leader General Ne Win cited deteriorating conditions in the country, including ethnic minorities' call for federalism, as justification for his actions. The military had earlier staged a coup in 1958 at the request of the then government and handed power back to the civilian administration in 1960. This time the coup-installed regime would last for 26 years, until it was toppled by a nationwide popular uprising in 1988.

Under Ne Win's military dictatorship, Myanmar went from being one of Southeast Asian's most developed and democratic nations to ranking among the world's least developed countries. The regime gained notoriety for, among other things, its bloody dynamiting of the Student Union building on the Rangoon University Campus, deadly crackdowns on a series of worker and student strikes, demonetization, and appointing military personnel to government departments.

Ne Win's regime made the takeover official by announcing March 2 as a gazetted holiday under a different title. Since 1965, the day has been known as "Peasants Day", named after the huge socialist-style peasant meetings held across the country.

By Wei Yan Aung

The post The Day Democracy Died in Myanmar appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

A Tigress Visits the Shwedagon Pagoda

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 05:28 PM PST

On this day in 1903, a tigress made her way to the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon (then known as Rangoon), causing pandemonium at the country's most sacred Buddhist site. The tiger was first spotted crouching halfway up the gilded structure in the morning by a group of visitors. An order to kill the creature was issued by local authorities and, after much difficult and dangerous effort, soldiers from the King's Regiment (Liverpool) shot and killed the 8-foot-long young tigress. In the early 1900s, the city contained large areas of dense forest and tigers were a common sight in the area. The tigress' visit to the pagoda prompted curiosity among Myanmar people near and far, and the religious site saw a surge in visitors. The beast's appearance also became a source of inspiration for local artists, who churned out plays and songs about the pagoda's nonhuman visitor and her untimely death.

The post A Tigress Visits the Shwedagon Pagoda appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Friday, March 1, 2019

The Irrawaddy Magazine

The Irrawaddy Magazine


Over 80 Percent of Village GAD Officials in Northern Rakhine Township Resign

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 07:58 AM PST

YANGON — Eighty-nine village General Administration Department (GAD) officials from northern Rakhine State’s strife-torn Mrauk-U Township resigned from their posts on Friday for fear of arrest.

The township has a total 103 villages, meaning 86 percent lost their GAD officials today.

The mass resignation is the second in as many months in northern Rakhine State, after more than 30 village GAD officials in Rathedaung Township resigned in January.

One of the officials who resigned Friday, U Sein Kyaw Aung, of Kyauk Kyat Village, said they stepped down after the arrest of four GAD officials in Mrauk-U on Thursday while attending a monthly township GAD meeting.

Owing to its collection of ancient temples, Mrauk-U is among of the more popular tourist destinations in Rakhine, but intense fighting between the Myanmar military and Arakan Army (AA) has engulfed the area since early this year.

"We are afraid of arbitrary detention, like what happened yesterday," U Sein Kyaw Aung told The Irrawaddy.

Village GAD officials submit their resignation letters in Mrauk-U, Rakhine State, on Friday. / Kyaw Hla Myint / Facebook

He said two police officers came to the Mrauk-U Township GAD office on Thursday and took the four officials and a fifth person to the township police station for questioning.

U Sein Kyaw Aung said the officials were from the villages of Pyaing Gya, Pauk Pin Gwin, Yan Aung Pyin and Kyaukse Pyin, and that the township GAD official, U Maung Thar Sein, claimed no not know that they would be arrested in advance.

The Mrauk-U Township GAD office could not be reached for comment.

Another GAD official who resigned Friday, U Wai Hla Aung, of Tein Nyo Village, said the four officials arrested Thursday were also sued under Article 17 (1) of the Unlawful Associations Act this morning and being detained in Mrauk-U.

"We felt unsafe because they detained the village administrators without any reason, so we decided to submit resignation letters," he said.

He said they have already handed in the letters at the township and district GAD offices.

Rakhine State lawmaker U Tun Thar Sein said the village officials called to inform him of their plans to resign on Thursday and returned various office supplies including documents and stamps today.

Government stamps returned by village GAD officials lay on the floor of the Mrauk-U Township GAD office in northern Rakhine State on Friday. Kyaw Hla Myint / Facebook

Village GAD officials are authorized to issue travel documents to people without National Registration Cards, recommendation letter to citizens and household registration documents. They also send weekly and monthly reports about their villages to their superiors.

"The actions of the police are beyond the procedures. If someone violates the existing laws, they should take action in line" with those procedures, said U Tun Thar Sein.

“It seems the bureaucracy will come to a halt as of today because they returned their GAD stamps and documents,” he added.

The GAD had been under the authority of the military-controlled Ministry of Home Affairs until December, when the government moved it to the Ministry of the Offices of the Union Government, which is run by the civilian administration.

Mrauk-U resident Ko Zaw Tun said the arrest of the officials without advance notice to the township GAD officials was a sign that the two ministries were not getting along. He suggested that State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi urge the military’s Western Command to call a truce with the AA and try to negotiate a peaceful settlement with the rebel group.

The post Over 80 Percent of Village GAD Officials in Northern Rakhine Township Resign appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Identity Politics and Myanmar’s Democratic Transition

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 05:21 AM PST

American political scientist Francis Fukuyama said in an interview that the rise of identity politics was “an unhealthy situation for democracy to be in when people line themselves up according to these birth categories."

The rise of white nationalism and the “black lives matter” movement in the U.S. was mentioned in his book “Identity Politics.”

In fact, ethnic identity politics has been present in colonized countries since the colonial era. "Many ethnic categorizations and ethnic hierarchies still functioning today were the intended or unintended results of European colonialism," said Norwegian anthropologist Thomas Hylland Eriksen. This is also known as divide-and-rule, used by colonial powers to divide the Frontier Areas from Ministerial Burma, Hutu from Tutsi in Rwanda, and during apartheid in South Africa.

During a meeting with Britain's Labour prime minister, Clement Attlee, in London in 1947, Aung San, leading Burma’s delegation to the country, openly accused the empire of a divide-and-rule policy in Burma.

"The present division between Ministerial Burma and the Frontier Areas is the direct result of the past policy of the British rulers of Burma if not of His Majesty’s Government to do everything possible to divide the Frontier Areas from the rest of Burma,” Vum Ko Hau, an ethnic Chin scholar, wrote in the book “Profile of a Burma Frontier Man.”

When Burma claimed independence from Britain, there was a serious debate between ethnic Bamar and minority leaders about whether or not the Frontier Areas would join. Though Aung San said in his speeches that "Burma would ask for independence separately if the Frontier Areas will not join in," he knew very well that it was "most ridiculous" to divide a country as small as Burma any further.

Vum Ko Hau reproduced his conversation with Aung San about the Frontier Areas: “The adjacent boundaries with all the important foreign countries would be with the Frontier Areas, and as such the defence of her borders would be in a hopeless position as the Frontier Areas themselves would not be able to defend themselves against their own neighbours, which are also neighbours of Ministerial Burma. On the other hand, it would be difficult for most of the Frontier Areas to stand on their legs with regards to finance when they need it most for improvement in almost all fields. There is definite mutual advantage to join together rather than to divide further as already designed by the imperialists.”

Identity politics based on nationalism and territorial control was installed in the Frontier Areas in the late colonial period. In 1946 the governor of British Burma, Dorman-Smith, and the officers in the Frontier Areas met with Kachin leaders in Myitkyina, while the director for the Frontier Areas Administration, Henry Stevenson, met with Karenni leaders in Loikaw, to introduce the Frontier Areas Regulation.

Author Mikael Gravers highlights the British influence in the Frontier Areas in his essay "Nationalism as Political Paranoia in Burma."

"During the negotiations in Panglong in the Shan states,” he writes, “the British tried to the last to secure Burma's status as a dominion within the Commonwealth — or at the very least to ensure control in 'Frontier Areas' and with the minorities."

He notes Britain’s attempts "to mobilise the pro-British leaders against Aung San's young supporters and the AFPFL in the border areas."

The identity politics of the Frontier Areas, where a handful of feudal lords competed for territory and power, was the result of British policy.

Military rule in Bamar attire

One of the main causes of identity politics in Myanmar today is the Burmanization policy of former dictator Ne Win. Touting a "Burmese Way to Socialism," Ne Win's government started to control education services and press freedom. The government terminated the education services provided by Western countries to reduce foreign influence in Myanmar. The teaching of English was limited to middle and high school, and only Burmese language, literature, and history were taught in primary schools across the country. The services of the Peace Corps were rejected and the activities of the British Council and the US Information Service were suspended. The Socialist government imposed a closed-door policy to minimize foreign influence.

The recent Rohingya exodus was not the only exodus in Myanmar history. There were several cases after the advent of Ne Win’s "socialist" dictatorship in 1962. Under a nationalization law, Ne Win deported many Indian and Chinese immigrants — who dominated much of the country's business and agriculture sectors — in 1963-64, creating an exodus to India and China of some 500,000 to 800,000 people, author Robert Holmes notes in his paper “Burmese Domestic Policy: Politics of Burmanization.”

Whether one calls it the "Burmese Way to Socialism" or "Disciplined Democracy," it was military rule in Bamar attire. While Myanmar managed to overcome feudalism and colonialism, the country spent five decades under military or one-party rule. Ne Win's Burmanization policy and his mismanagement fostered inequality between ethnic Bamar and minority groups and caused great suffering. While Ne Win was imposing socialist rule using nationalist identity politics, the rise of ethno-nationalism in the former Frontier Areas emerged. Ethnic leaders formed armed groups and have been fighting the Myanmar military since independence. Thus Myanmar has had more than 70 years of civil war.

Myanmar democracy and identity politics

When nationalism emerged in the 19th Century, Burmese nationalists took part in independence movements in Southeast Asian nations. When Marxist ideology was influenced in Asia, it became popular among university students in Myanmar. As with many countries across Asia, Myanmar was heavily influenced by popular ideologies around the world.

Fukuyama said 21st Century politics "is defined less by economic or ideological concerns than by questions of identity. Now, in many democracies, the Left focuses less on creating broad economic equality and more on promoting the interests of a wide variety of marginalized groups, such as ethnic minorities, immigrants and refugees, women, and LGBT people. The Right, meanwhile, has redefined its core mission as the patriotic protection of traditional national identity, which is often explicitly connected to race, ethnicity, or religion."

If we look at the Myanmar peace process, the Left and Right have taken hard positions with little willingness to compromise. The ethnic groups want recognition and accommodation, as they have since Myanmar gained independence. At the same time, the majority Bamar want to maintain the country’s sovereignty and to protect the traditional national identity.

After 2010, a quasi-civilian government formed by former generals took power with a military-drafted Constitution and ruled the country until 2015. Although the military is no longer officially in charge, it still plays a major role in the duel-governing system the Constitution established and continues to sell itself as the last defence against the country’s disintegration.

As a result of the shift from military to quasi-civilian rule after 2010, press freedom has increased. Many civil society groups have been establish that promote democracy. Then the 2015 elections marked a milestone in the people’s political awakening, and a civilian government was formed for the first time in 60 years.

Today there are many organizations in Myanmar promoting the rights of women, ethnic minorities, LGBT people and other oppressed groups.

During British rule, the colonialists pulled the strings of identity politics in Burma to try to secure their power in the Frontier Areas. Likewise, there are people pulling the string of identity politics now during Myanmar transition to democracy. Sometimes they pull the strings in the name of ethnic identity. Other times they use religion as cover to secure power.

Fukuyama writes: "People's identities are neither fixed nor necessarily given by birth. Identity can be used to divide, but it can also be used to unify."

Aung San and ethnic leaders signed the Panglong Agreement in 1947. When people talk about the agreement today, they usually cite its promise of "full autonomy in the internal administration" of minority areas. The part they usually forget to mention is this: "Citizens of the Frontier Areas shall enjoy rights and privileges which are regarded as fundamental in democratic countries."

In the meantime, only a politics of democratic identity that protects individual rights and freedoms can help Myanmar with its transition, not the politics of one group, one territory or one identity, because the recognition of one’s identity is a basic tenet of democracy.

Mon Mon Myat is a freelance writer and journalist and a graduate student in the PhD program on peace building at Payap University in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

The post Identity Politics and Myanmar’s Democratic Transition appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Women Candidates on the Rise for YCDC Elections

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 04:33 AM PST

YANGON — More women candidates (16 percent of total candidates) will be contesting in the upcoming Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) election at the end of this month.

Of a total 272 candidates registered for the election, 44 are women aiming for city committee seats, head of township positions and township committee seats.

According to the YCDC Election Commission, 105 people will be elected to YCDC positions. Six of them will take YCDC central committee positions and the 99 others will be elected to the 33 township committees. There are three township committee members for each township. The deputy mayor will then be appointed from the elected YCDC members.

The candidates canvassed for one month from Feb. 28 to March 29.

"We welcome having more women candidates on the list. Not only the candidates, we women need to be elected to serve as committee members," said Daw Khin Lay, director of Triangle Women's Support Group.

She said the majority of people focus on parliamentary elections, but the local ward, village and city development committee members are the one who deal directly with the people on a day-to-day basis in solving problems related to litter, water and taxation. Therefore, she said, having women in those positions is crucial.

"I totally agree that women would do their best to solve these challenges if they are elected. Women face similar challenges in their daily life and thus they will be able to do it well," she added.

When compared to the 2014 YCDC election in which 32 women contested alongside 261 men, the number of women candidates this year rose from 11 to 16 percent. “But it is still not adequate,” said U Kyaw Htin, program director of the Yangon-based New Myanmar Foundation, which is raising awareness, holding workshops and advocating for the amendment of Yangon City municipal laws. The foundation also plans to monitor the upcoming YCDC election, especially the success of the women candidates and the contribution of women voters.

"According to the ratio of Yangon's population, women candidates should make up half [of the candidates]. More women should contest for these important positions in the YCDC," he said.

He said women's perspectives are important in dealing with the urban development works including litter, markets and drainage systems that are important issues for urban families. He is confident that the city's development performance would be better and said research shows that when women mayors are elected, capacity and performance rises.

In the new YCDC law, everyone above 18 years old is eligible to vote, which didn't happen in 2014. During the 2014 YCDC election, only one person per household, meaning the head of a household, was allowed to vote.

Many women's rights activists believe that this new provision to the YCDC law gives the women candidates a better chance.

Ma Htet Htet Tun, a professional model and candidate running for election told The Irrawaddy that she is preparing to prove that she can be trustworthy.

"Being a model, people are worried that I may be more interested in putting on makeup than serving in this kind of [role]. I would like to prove [them wrong] and will try to earn their trust and fulfill their wishes. I want votes from the people who believe in me."

She will contest for Yangon's Constituency Number 3, which covers 12 townships. She also has her sights set on the position of deputy mayor.

"For the city to be clean and developed, everyone who lives in Yangon needs to change their minds, their commitments and follow [good] leadership. I want them to change. If they change these thoughts, not only on the litter issues, but I believe everything else will change too," she added.

The post Women Candidates on the Rise for YCDC Elections appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Irrawaddy Region Parliament Approves Lawyer as New Deputy Speaker

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 03:58 AM PST

U San Htway, a lawyer and lawmaker in the Irrawaddy Region Parliament representing Danubyu Township’s Constituency 2, has been approved as the local legislature’s new deputy speaker.

His appointment was approved at a regular session of the legislature on Thursday.

The former deputy speaker, also a lawyer, was expelled from the National League for Democracy for his involvement in the controversial procurement of five vehicles for the Irrawaddy Region Parliament. He then resigned as deputy speaker on his own accord.

"I am determined to steer the Parliament in accordance with the law and the Constitution. As I am also heading the Construction Committee for the new regional parliament building, I am determined to complete the project during the remaining term," U San Htway told the Irrawaddy.

U San Htway, 64, was elected representative of Danubyu Township’s Constituency (2) after winning 62 percent of the vote in the 2015 elections. He also served as secretary of the Legislative Committee and a member of the Public Complaints Committee.

The post Irrawaddy Region Parliament Approves Lawyer as New Deputy Speaker appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Introducing Indawgyi Lake: Community Tourism With a Social Impact

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 03:43 AM PST

LON TON, Kachin State — Face of Indawgyi is a sustainable social enterprise based at Indawgyi Lake in Kachin State. As well as facilitating sustainable, community-based tourism at the lake, Myanmar’s largest, the project works on four main principles: cultural preservation, environmental conservation, educational opportunities and sustainable business development.

The idea for Face of Indawgyi came during US-native Stephen Traina-Dorge's visit to Lon Ton Village, on the southeast shore of the lake, while making a video documentary in 2015. He was struck by the tranquility of the lake, the open friendliness of the people and their unique culture.

"This really all stemmed out of cultural preservation. We were doing a cultural preservation documentary on thanaka and came here to document rural northern Myanmar. Right when we arrived, we felt the same thing — this place is incredibly special. We wanted to have more of an impact than the thanaka documentary work," said Traina-Dorge.

The reserve covers 73,600 hectares and includes 10 globally threatened bird species, the endemic Burmese peacock turtle and a number of endemic fish species. / Marie Starr

In July 2017, he moved to Lon Ton and founded Face of Indawgyi. He was joined by a like-minded partner, Patrick Compton, also from the US, who became associate director.

Though over 70,000 pilgrims visit the lake annually for the festival at Shwemyitzu Pagoda, a temple that seems to float on the water’s surface, visitors to the lake strictly for tourism are few but growing. Travelers who do make their way here are drawn to the lake, part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, for its wealth of birdlife and healthy populations of other endemic wildlife.

On a February morning at Indawgyi Motel, one of two basic guesthouses serving the lake in Lon Ton, Burmese, English, German, and Korean languages could be heard from visitors who, in their determination to experience this unique region, undertook the long journey to be here.

Tourism with and for the community

Face of Indawgyi helps to facilitate visits to the lake and in turn supports the community. It doesn't focus on new activities or experiences, but rather connects visitors to a range of sustainable, community-focused activities that are already available but not widely known.

On a boat ride on the 260-square-km lake, you can see some of the 20,000 birds that flock here from Siberia each year to escape northern Russia’s harsh winters between November and March. You can join shrimp farmers on their wooden boats as they lay out their traps at dusk, the intricate cages dunked quietly into waters colored golden by the setting sun. Kayaks, bamboo bicycles and skateboards made from recycled plastic can be rented. Treks into the surrounding hills and various viewpoints by the lake are other low-impact activities that can bring financial income to local families.

Shrimping boats with handmade traps are prepared at the shore of the lake. / Marie Starr

Generating income locally and providing employment opportunities for the community's youth are important positive social impacts of the project, which works in areas plagued by drug addiction and where many young men are lured into work at the notorious jade mines of Hpakant, 80 km away.

"In other places, it's about being a tourist. But here, it's about becoming involved in the community through your experiences," said Traina-Dorge at a property on the lakeshore the social enterprise recently acquired and where it plans to build the Lon Ton Social Impact Guesthouse.

"We're trying to make Indawgyi a kind of hub, an example for other places. We're not trying to do it all ourselves. We're looking for partnerships. If we could bring the best of 21st century ideas, the best of globalization, to solve local challenges, then that would be something special," said Compton.

Some 20,000 birds flock to Indawgyi Lake from Siberia every winter. / Marie Starr

Face of Indawgyi has created a map of Lon Ton that includes useful information on where to eat, lake paths, shops and viewpoints. It has created multilingual menus for restaurants where travelers might eat. What's more, the wide range of activities can be prearranged on the Face of Indawgyi website, including those already mentioned plus a visit to a traditional Shan-ni fabric weaving workshop, a local alcohol-making business and Shan-ni cuisine cooking classes.

Cash generated through tourism activities they organize goes straight into the hands of the locals providing the service. All other funds go into furthering the project's reach around the lake.

"What sets [Indawgyi] apart from other destinations in Myanmar is that it hasn't been overdeveloped. In fact, it's barely developed at all. There's still a unique identity," said Compton.

As Inle Lake struggles with the waste burden of a growing number of visitors and construction projects on its shores, Indawgyi has the opportunity to establish environmentally sound tourism practices before visitor numbers really start to grow.

As part of its environmental work, Face of Indawgyi runs an anti-littering campaign that involves signage and awareness-raising and the installation of trash bins around four villages and at Shwemyitzu Pagoda. The simple bins are made locally from recycled fishing nets and set a good precedent for the future.

A map of Lon Ton created by Face of Indawgyi to help visitors get around the village and find restaurants and services. / Face of Indawgyi

Shan-ni cultural preservation

Something Face of Indawgyi is passionate about is preserving and documenting the local culture. The people living around Indawgyi are predominantly Shan-ni, or Tai Laeng in their own tongue, a subgroup of the Shan. Over decades of repression by the military junta and suffering the effects of conflict in the area between Kachin armed groups and the military, the Shan-ni culture is not as strong as it once was. Only a few elderly locals and monks can speak the language, though a number of classes for youth have been started. Face of Indawgyi has been creating a Shan-ni oral archive and video documentation of the language and researched and recorded the unique oral histories of three villages on the lake.

Hornbills are seen on a guided trek in the hills to the southeast of Indawgyi Lake arranged by Face of Indawgyi. / Marie Starr

Biodiversity at Southeast Asia's third-largest lake

Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary was established by the Myanmar government in 1999 and listed as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2017. Of its 73,600 hectares, the lake covers 12,000. Species in the sanctuary include 10 globally threatened bird species, the endemic Burmese peacock turtle and a number of endemic fish species. However, the lake's health is threatened by nearby small-scale illegal gold mines and unmanaged waste from the huge number of pilgrims who come for the annual Shwemyitzu Pagoda festival.

Face of Indawgyi founder Stephen Traina-Dorge (L) and associate director Patrick Compton (R) at the recently-acquired property where they will build Lon Ton Social Impact Guesthouse, in Lon Ton on February 15, 2019. / Marie Starr

Blueprints for a guesthouse with positive social impact

Government numbers show foreign visitors to Indawgyi remain below 1,000 per year. It's not easy to get here — the fastest way to reach Lon Ton from Yangon is to fly to Myitkyina and hire a car for the four-hour trip to the village. Many travelers make their way here on a long train or bus journey north from Mandalay, stopping off at Katha and Bamaw.

What will make the journey more worthwhile, however, is a better quality of accommodation, and Face of Indawgyi is onto that. After a complex yearlong bureaucratic process to buy the land, it has begun making plans for a 10-room guesthouse on the sloping site right at the lake's edge that it hopes to open in March 2020. Set to be the "cornerstone of Face of Indawgyi," it will incorporate a hotel training center funded by Luxdev and a community event space.

Face of Indawgyi's projects are already wide-reaching and ambitious, but with a long list of plans for the future and ventures in the pipeline, this social enterprise holds lots of potential for genuine, long-lasting positive impacts on the community and environment of Indawgyi Lake.

As Compton said, "We have lofty goals, but figuring out concrete and measurable things we can do at this early stage sets the foundation for great things later on."

The post Introducing Indawgyi Lake: Community Tourism With a Social Impact appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Imprisoned Reuters Reporter Kyaw Soe Oo Is Ill, His Wife Says

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 03:09 AM PST

Jailed Reuters reporter Kyaw Soe Oo has fallen ill in prison, according to his wife.

Ma Chit Su Win told The Irrawaddy on Friday that her husband had a high temperature and appeared very weak when she visited him at Yangon's Insein Prison on Feb. 27.

"His whole body is covered in a rash and he has a high temperature," Ma Chit Su Win said. Walking left him very tired and he was unable to talk for more than 5 minutes, she said.

After being invited to dinner to meet with police to discuss a story, Kyaw Soe Oo and his Reuters colleague Wa Lone were arrested in December 2017 and accused of violating the Official Secrets Act. The journalists were eventually convicted and sentenced to 7-year prison terms. The case drew international attention as many critics of the case—and even a police officer serving as a prosecution witness during the trial—claimed the pair had been framed. Prior to their arrests, they had been reporting about rights abuses committed by the Myanmar Army in Rakhine State, including the massacre of 10 Rohingya civilians.

Kyaw Soe Oo has received some treatment at the prison's hospital, Ma Chit Su Win said.

"He told me not to come on Thursday as the doctor planned to put him on an intravenous drip," she said.

She said a doctor from the prison hospital told her he had conducted a blood test on Kyaw Soe Oo on Thursday and found no abnormalities. Nonetheless, Ma Chit Su Win said she was very worried about her husband's condition, adding that she planned to visit to him on Monday.

"The doctor told us that he was fine, and that we did not need to worry," she said.

Reuters' office in Yangon said it would help Ma Chit Su Win and her family write a letter to the prison authorities asking that Kyaw Soe Oo be allowed to seek treatment outside the prison.

"We have requested permission to transfer Kyaw Soe Oo to his doctor for a consultation and to visit him and Wa Lone. We will continue to monitor the situation closely," Reuters said on Friday in an email sent to The Irrawaddy.

Ma Chit Su Win visits her husband in prison every day. She said Kyaw Soe Oo was in relatively good spirits and did not appear to be depressed, but complained about missing his family, especially when he was sick.

"He is my husband. I want to take good care of him. But I can't do it. So I'm really worried for him," she said, adding "I wish I could get inside the prison to take care of him."

The post Imprisoned Reuters Reporter Kyaw Soe Oo Is Ill, His Wife Says appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Some Facebook Content Reviewers in India Complain of Low Pay, High Pressure

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 08:58 PM PST

HYDERABAD, India/SAN FRANCISCO—On a busy day, contract employees in India monitoring nudity and pornography on Facebook and Instagram will each view 2,000 posts in an eight-hour shift, or almost four a minute.

They are part of a 1,600-member team at Genpact, an outsourcing firm with offices in the southern Indian city of Hyderabad that is contracted to review Facebook content.

Seven content reviewers at Genpact said in interviews late last year and early in 2019 that their work was underpaid, stressful and sometimes traumatic. The reviewers, all in their 20s, declined to be identified for fear of losing their jobs or violating non-disclosure agreements. Three of the seven have left Genpact in recent months.

“I have seen women employees breaking down on the floor, reliving the trauma of watching suicides real-time,” one former employee said. He said he had seen this happen at least three times.

Reuters was unable to independently verify the incidents or determine how often they may have occurred.

Genpact declined comment.

The working conditions described by the employees offers a window into the moderator operations at Facebook and the challenges faced by the company as it seeks to police what its 2 billion users post. Their account contrasts in several respects with the image presented by three Facebook executives in interviews and statements to Reuters of a carefully selected, skilled workforce that is paid well and has the tools to handle a difficult job.

Ellen Silver, Facebook’s vice president of operations, acknowledged to Reuters that content moderation “at this size is uncharted territory”.

“We care deeply about getting this right,” she said in January. “This includes the training reviewers receive, our hiring practices, the wellness resources that we provide to each and every person reviewing content, and our overall engagement with partners.”

While rejecting the Hyderabad employees’ assertions about low pay, Facebook has said it had begun drafting a code of conduct for outsourcing partners but declined to give details.

It has also said it would be introducing an annual compliance audit of its vendor policies this year to review the work at contractor facilities. The company is organizing a first-ever summit in April to bring together its outsourcing vendors from around the world, with the aim of sharing best practices and bringing more consistency to how moderators are treated.

These efforts were announced in a blog post on Monday by Justin Osofsky, Facebook’s vice-president of global operations.

Facebook works with at least five outsourcing vendors in at least eight countries on content review, a Reuters tally shows. Silver said about 15,000 people, a mix of contractors and employees, were working on content review at Facebook as of December. Facebook had over 20 content review sites around the world, she said.

Over a dozen moderators in other parts of the world have talked of similar traumatic experiences.

A former Facebook contract employee, Selena Scola, filed a lawsuit in California in September, alleging that content moderators who face mental trauma after reviewing distressing images on the platform are not being properly protected by the social networking company.

Facebook in a court filing has denied all of Scola’s allegations and called for a dismissal, contending that Scola has insufficient grounds to sue.

Some examples of traumatic experiences among Facebook content moderators in the United States were described this week by The Verge, a technology news website.

Pressure, lack of experience

The Genpact unit in Hyderabad reviews posts in Indian languages, Arabic, English and some Afghan and Asian tribal dialects, according to Facebook.

On one team, employees spend their days reviewing nudity and explicit pornography. The “counter-terrorism” team, meanwhile, watches videos that include beheadings, car bombings and electric shock torture sessions, the employees said.

Those on the “self-harm” unit regularly watch live videos of suicide attempts—and do not always succeed in alerting authorities in time, two of the employees said. They told Reuters they had no experience with suicide or trauma.

Facebook said its policies called for moderators to alert a “specially trained team” to review situations where there was “potential imminent risk or harm.”

The moderators who spoke to Reuters said in the instances they knew of, the trained team was called in when there was a possibility of a suicide, but the reviewers continued to monitor the feed even after the team had been alerted.

Job postings and salary pay-slips seen by Reuters showed annual compensation at Genpact for an entry-level Facebook Arabic language content reviewer was 100,000 Indian rupees ($1,404) annually, or just over $6 a day. Facebook contended that benefits made the real pay much higher.

The workers said they did receive transport to and from work, a common non-cash benefit in India.

Moderators in Hyderabad employed by another IT outsourcing firm, Accenture, monitor Arabic content on YouTube on behalf of Google for a minimum of 350,000 rupees annually, according to two of its workers and pay slips seen by Reuters. Accenture declined to comment, citing client confidentiality.

Facebook disputed the pay analysis, saying Genpact is required to pay above industry averages. The outsourcer, while declining to comment on its work for Facebook, said in a statement that its wages are “significantly higher than the standard in the industry or the minimum wage set by law.”

'Massive targets'

The Genpact moderators in Hyderabad said Facebook sets performance targets, which are reassessed from time to time, that are called Average Review Time or Average Handling Time.

“We have to meet an accuracy rate of 98 percent on massive targets,” one of the moderators told Reuters. “It is just not easy when you are consistently bombarded with stuff that is mostly mind-numbing.”

They said they often took work home on their laptops to keep up.

Silver said handling time was tracked to assess whether Facebook needs more reviewers and whether its policies are clear enough. But she acknowledged some older procedures may have led moderators to feel pressured.

The company also said it was increasing restrictions on workers’ remote access to its tools.

The post Some Facebook Content Reviewers in India Complain of Low Pay, High Pressure appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Social Media Fake News Fans Tension Between India and Pakistan

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 08:29 PM PST

MUMBAI — With India and Pakistan standing on the brink of war this week, several false videos, pictures and messages circulated widely on social media, sparking anger and heightening tension in both countries.

The video of an injured pilot from a recent Indian air show and images from a 2005 earthquake have been taken out of context to attempt to mislead tens of millions on platforms like Twitter, Facebook and its messenger service, WhatsApp.

The spurt of fake news comes after New Delhi this week launched an air strike inside Pakistan, the first such move in more than four decades. India says the attack destroyed a militant camp run by the group that claimed responsibility for killing 40 paramilitary troops in Indian Kashmir on Feb 14. Pakistan denied there had been any casualties in the attack.

Tensions between the nuclear-armed nations peaked with both sides claiming they had shot down each other’s fighter jets on Wednesday, and Pakistan capturing an Indian pilot.

As claims and counter claims poured in from both sides, social media became a hotbed of unverified news, pictures and video clips, according to fact checkers.

Pratik Sinha, co-founder of one such fact-checking website, Alt News, said it had received requests to verify news from journalists and people on social media.

“It’s been crazy since Tuesday. There is so much out there that we know is fake, but we’re not able to fact-check all of it,” Sinha said.

A Facebook group that says it supports Amit Shah, the chief of India’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), posted images on Tuesday of the alleged destruction caused inside Pakistan by the Indian air strike.

Three photos posted on the group page showed debris from a destroyed building and bodies and have been shared hundreds of times.

Alt News said the pictures were from a 2005 earthquake in Kashmir.

India, where roughly 450 million people have smartphones, is already struggling with a huge fake news problem with misinformation having led to mass beatings and mob lynchings.

Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter have begun to take steps to combat the issue, but as India heads toward general elections, due by May, fake news is getting more intensely politicized.

Another message circulated on a WhatsApp group supporting the BJP claimed the Indian jet was not shot down, but crashed due to a technical snag and blamed the opposition Congress party for failing to upgrade the jets during its tenure.

Similarly in Pakistan, a purported video of a second captured Indian pilot was being widely circulated. Fact-checking website Boom noted the clip was from an air show in the southern Indian city of Bengaluru, where two planes crashed on Feb. 19.

“Everyone has a role to play in ensuring misinformation doesn’t spread on the internet, and we encourage people who use Twitter not to share information unless they can verify that it’s true,” a spokeswoman for Twitter said.

The post Social Media Fake News Fans Tension Between India and Pakistan appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Some Sighs of Relief in Washington as Trump Returns Empty Handed from Kim Summit

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 08:24 PM PST

WASHINGTON—Among some U.S. officials, congressional aides, analysts and others who track North Korea, there was a sigh of relief on Thursday as President Donald Trump headed home empty handed from his talks with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un in Vietnam.

Trump said he walked away from a deal because of Kim’s demands to lift all U.S.-led sanctions on North Korea in return for the denuclearization of its Yongbyon atomic complex but not others that the United States knows about.

In contrast, North Korea’s foreign minister said Pyongyang offered to dismantle Yongbyon in return for a partial lifting of sanctions as a step toward better relations between the nations, technically still at war because the 1950-53 Korean War ended in an armistice rather than a peace treaty.

Before the summit, there were hints Washington was open to declaring an end to the war, some sanctions relief, and opening of liaison offices, a first step toward diplomatic ties, if the North reined in its nuclear program.

The fear of many in the U.S. national security establishment was that Trump would give up too much in return for too little and they were pleased that did not happen. There was still concern in Washington, however, about what the summit’s collapse would mean for future nuclear diplomacy with North Korea.

Former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage said the summit’s failure had eased fears that Trump, anxious to claim a foreign policy success, might have made an agreement that dispelled the North Korean nuclear-armed missile threat to the continental United States, but not the threat of its shorter-range missiles to U.S. regional allies, such as Japan.

“The general feeling was that all President Trump wants is a scalp to hang on the wall, like he did with calling the Singapore nothing-burger a great victory,” said Armitage, referring to Trump’s first summit with Kim in June 2018.

That produced a vague statement of Kim’s pledge to work toward denuclearization of the Korean peninsula but little progress followed.

Trump's defenders have long said he had no intention of giving ground to Kim at their second meeting in Hanoi this week without major North Korean concessions.

They said Trump planned to use the rapport he claims with Kim and negotiating skills honed as a real estate developer to secure the best possible deal despite skepticism from critics who question whether he is up to speed on the main issues.

Mark Dubowitz of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies think tank rejected criticism that Trump came up empty, tweeting: “Actually walking away from a bad proposed deal is exactly what we'd expect from a competent deal-maker.”

It had appeared Trump was moving toward offering Pyongyang concessions on a peace deal, sanctions and liaison offices in return for “promises to make promises to move toward (nuclear) disablement and dismantlement,” a congressional aide said on condition of anonymity. “There is a certain sigh of relief in that respect.”

Nuclear analysts estimate North Korea may have a nuclear arsenal of 20 to 60 weapons which, if mated with intercontinental ballistic missiles it has developed, could threaten the U.S. mainland.

The collapse of the summit leaves Kim in possession of that arsenal though Trump said the North Korean leader had agreed to maintain his moratorium on nuclear and ballistic missile tests.

The United States has long resisted offering the North a formal end to the war regarding this as a concession that should not be made until Pyongyang abandoned its nuclear arms. U.S. intelligence officials have said there is no sign North Korea would ever give up its entire arsenal of nuclear weapons, which Kim’s ruling family sees as vital to its survival.

An end to the war could also have spurred demands from North Korea for the United States to withdraw some of its 28,500 troops from South Korea, where they serve as a trip wire to deter a North Korean invasion.

Trump, who has questioned the value of keeping the troops there, made clear before the summit that removing them was off the table, another source of relief for those who believe their withdrawal could embolden the North and endanger the South.

One of the ironies that experts pointed out was that in failure, Trump may actually have had a success.

It may also have been a victory for hawkish White House national security adviser John Bolton, who has pressed for Washington to maintain its “maximum pressure” sanctions campaign intact while demanding Pyongyang’s full denuclearization.

Even Adam Schiff, the Democrat who chairs the House Intelligence Committee and is one of Trump’s main critics in Congress, offered qualified praise.

“President Trump’s decision to walk away from the summit with North Korea without an agreement was preferable to making a bad deal,” he said.

The post Some Sighs of Relief in Washington as Trump Returns Empty Handed from Kim Summit appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Bangladesh Tells U.N. Security Council Cannot Take More Myanmar Refugees

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 08:12 PM PST

UNITED NATIONS — Bangladesh told the United Nations Security Council on Thursday that it cannot take any more refugees from Myanmar, some 18 months after more than 700,000 mainly Rohingya Muslims started pouring across the border fleeing a military crackdown.

Attacks on security posts by Rohingya insurgents in Myanmar’s Rakhine State triggered the crackdown that the United Nations, the United States, Britain and others describe as ethnic cleansing. Myanmar denies the accusations.

“I regret to inform the council that Bangladesh would no longer be in a position to accommodate more people from Myanmar,” Bangladesh Foreign Secretary Shahidul Haque said.

Haque accused Myanmar of “hollow promises and various obstructionist approaches” during negotiations on returns.

“Not a single Rohingya has volunteered to return to Rakhine due to the absence of conducive environment there,” Haque said.

Myanmar says it has been ready to accept returning refugees since January, but the United Nations says conditions are not yet right for their return. The Rohingya say they want guarantees over their safety and to be recognized as citizens before returning.

Western powers on the council on Thursday lamented the lack of action from Myanmar’s government.

“We’re very disappointed … that there hasn’t been more progress on getting the refugees back and that obviously includes creating the conditions where the refugees feel able to go back,” British U.N. Ambassador Karen Pierce told the council.

Several council members from Western countries stressed that the return of refugees needed to be safe, voluntary, dignified and secure, and pushed for the Myanmar government to allow the United Nations widespread and unconditional access to Rakhine.

U.N. envoy to Myanmar Christine Schraner-Burgener told the Security Council that U.N. access was currently “insufficient.”

“The scale of what has been done to the Rohingya Muslims and the allegations of crimes against humanity really mark this out as one of the most terrible events of this century so far,” she said.

The 15-member Security Council has been split over how to deal with the crisis, with western powers pitted against Russia and Myanmar ally China.

China’s Deputy U.N. ambassador, Wu Haitao, said it was mainly an issue between Myanmar and neighboring Bangladesh “and as such it is up to the two countries to work out a solution.”

Russia’s deputy U.N. ambassador, Dmitry Polyanskiy, agreed.

In December Britain circulated a draft resolution to council members that diplomats said aims to put a timeline on Myanmar allowing the return of refugees and addressing accountability, but China and Russia have boycotted talks on the draft.

Deputy U.S. Ambassador Jonathan Cohen said: “The international community cannot ignore the world’s largest refugee camp.”

The post Bangladesh Tells U.N. Security Council Cannot Take More Myanmar Refugees appeared first on The Irrawaddy.

Gen. Aung San’s Ill-fated Economic Plan for Myanmar

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 06:02 PM PST

Seventy-two years ago today, at the request of the British Chamber of Commerce looking to know the future economic policies of Burma which was about to be granted independence, Gen. Aung San announced his economic plans for the future government. He planned to nationalize important industries, and revealed that plans had been drawn to revamp the damaged economy. He vowed that the government would not neglect public subsidies and would deal with the financially troubled transportation projects. He said he was not in favor of the excessive growth of capitalism and that conditions of Myanmar workers were not as satisfactory as those in developed countries.

Four months later, Gen. Aung San was assassinated. Due to the involvement of some British army officers in the case, Britain itself was on trial in the eyes of the public, as rumors swirled that figures in London supported the plot. Later, in an interview with the BBC, his counterpart from the Thirty Comrades Brig-Gen Kyaw Zaw surmised that it was they who machinated the murder, saying, "It was the British Government that actually assassinated Gen. Aung San. It was their conspiracy."

Read more stories:

Happy Birthday Sir Maung Ba, British Burma Home Affairs Minister

Daw Saw Hsa, Myanmar's First Female Surgeon and Lawmaker

The post Gen. Aung San's Ill-fated Economic Plan for Myanmar appeared first on The Irrawaddy.