The Irrawaddy Magazine |
- Displaced Civilians in Shan State Tell of Hardship, Loss
- The Irrawaddy Business Roundup (Nov. 28, 2015)
- Lessons in Nationalism
| Displaced Civilians in Shan State Tell of Hardship, Loss Posted: 27 Nov 2015 07:10 PM PST Click to view slideshow. KYETHI TOWNSHIP, Shan State — Nang Soi is one of several thousand civilians whose life has been uprooted by recent conflict between the Burma Army and Shan rebels in central Shan State. The 48-year-old woman, who is currently taking shelter in the Wan Hsaw camp for internally displaced persons (IDP) in Kyethi Township, broke down in tears when telling the story of her husband who was shot and killed by government troops earlier this month. Sai Zau, 52, was traveling back to his home in Mong Ark, Mong Hsu Township, where he intended to convince his son in law to join the rest of the family in the Wan Hsaw IDP camp. He never made it, according to Nang Soi. "He wore civilian clothes and walked back to the village. We heard he was shot," she said. "In our Shan culture, we make donations at the monastery when someone dies. But we can't do it for him yet as we are in the IDP camp. No one can even go back to collect his dead body. I don't know what to do next, I'm very sad." Nang Soi, a mother of six, received a further shock when two of her daughters failed to return after heading back to Mong Ark to cultivate paddy. She has since learned that they were forced to flee fighting that broke out near the rice field and took shelter in an IDP camp in Mong Nawng. Many IDPs are farmers who led peaceful lives before fighting broke out in the area in early October and they were forced to abandon their fields and livelihoods. According to locals and aid groups, between 6,000 to 10,000 civilians from Mong Hsu, Kyethi and Mong Nawng townships have been forced from their homes. "Our Shan people used to stay in big houses in nice places. This is our Shan style. But now we have to stay in refugee camps," said Sai Lon Pan, a 50-year-old man from Tar San Pu village in Kyethi Township who is staying in Hai Pa IDP camp, which hosts more than 1,000 IDPs, including ethnic Shan, Lisu and Palaung (Ta'ang). "We could not bring anything from our properties at home. The Burma Army is staying in our village. We don't know when we can go back there. We don't know what will happen next," he said. Most camps are in areas under the control of the Shan State Army-North (SSA-N) and are being managed by local Buddhist monks and Shan community leaders. The latter have voiced concern over how long IDPs can be provided for without aid from the government or other donors. A proposal seeking government assistance for displaced civilians in Shan State was put forward in Parliament on Monday. However, the proposition did not go to a vote, with deputy ministers from Defense and Home Affairs defending the government's existing humanitarian response. "For me, I feel this is an emergency issue," said Sai Thiha Kyaw, a Lower House lawmaker from the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD). "We need to do it [provide aid] because IDPs do not have enough food. They only have some food from local donations." An ethnic Shan IDP from Nam Pa Mong village, who sold fast food in one of the Kyethi Township camps, stood outside her small shop to relate how Burma Army soldiers entered her village. "They pointed guns at villagers if they saw anyone trying to come back to the village. Only monks were able to visit our village for a while," the 45-year-old woman said. "We have our domestic animals at home. We even have our own food. We are worried they will kill our animals or eat our food." The Irrawaddy visited different camps in Kyethi and Mong Hsu townships and most IDPs appeared to be women and children. Local aid groups have supplied food, but sanitation seemed to be an issue and many lacked warm clothes to guard against the cold. A female nurse in Wan Hsaw IDP camp, which hosts about 1,200 IDPs, said there were 40 patients receiving daily treatment at the camp. "Many of them are children. Three children have diarrhea and came to the clinic today [Nov. 25]. We are worried there will be more problems like this for other children," she said. The post Displaced Civilians in Shan State Tell of Hardship, Loss appeared first on The Irrawaddy. |
| The Irrawaddy Business Roundup (Nov. 28, 2015) Posted: 27 Nov 2015 06:53 PM PST  A worker waters jade stones at Burma's 2011 Mid-Year Emporium for jade, gems & pearls at an emporium hall in the capital Naypyidaw, Dec. 24, 2011. (Photo: Reuters) Extractive Industries Transparency Report Could Exclude Vital Sectors Burma is preparing to submit its first report to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) before the end of this year, but a news report this week suggests that key data may be left out in spite of a push by civil society groups. The government is hoping Burma will be accepted as a full member of EITI, a global project that requires transparency on what revenues are collected from extractive sectors, including mining and oil and gas. A vital step in doing so will be a report, which must be submitted by January 2, according to the local English-language newspaper Myanmar Business Today. The Myanmar Business Today report, which was reproduced on the official Myanmar EITI website, said that Burma's EITI implementation group had agreed to make sure the report is submitted before the end of December. UK-based auditor Moore Stephens is reportedly working on the report, and the Ministry of Energy, which oversees oil and gas exploration and extraction, has said it has submitted detailed data on revenues for the report. But comments from members of the implementation group to Myanmar Business Today suggest that the first report will not contain all the information that civil society has been hoping to see included. "We can't include hydropower plant projects and the timber industry in this report. We made this decision with the agreement of all members," group member Kyone Hlang Htawn told Myanmar Business Today. Another group member, Min Zarni Lin, was also cited saying that data on taxation in the minerals, jade and gem mining sectors would only be "partially reported due to lack of data." The inclusion of the comprehensive data on the jade trade in the EITI scheme has been highlighted as important by nongovernmental organizations, who say this highly lucrative industry is enriching a small elite and making peace more difficult to achieve in Kachin State, from where the vast majority of the world's jade is sourced. UK-based group Global Witness last month released a report estimating that the trade was worth some $31 billion in 2014 alone, and exposing the scale of the involvement of known drug traffickers, the Burmese military and senior government officials. Global Witness, which holds a seat on EITI's international board, said in the report that applying EITI transparency standards to the jade industry could help clean up the jade trade by allowing Burmese civil society groups to hold companies and officials to account. "Conversely, if the scheme's principles are not applied to the jade business as a matter of urgency, the opportunity would be lost and EITI's credibility in Myanmar severely damaged," the report said. New Government Will Face Gathering Economic 'Headwinds': Analysts Analysts at the UK-based Oxford Business Group have predicted that the new government set to be formed next year following elections on November 8 will face less favorable economic conditions than its predecessor. The National League for Democracy (NLD) has won a majority large enough to select the next president and form a government. In an update on the situation in Burma this week, Oxford Business Group said that the victory for Aung San Suu Kyi's party was expected to "bring renewed investor confidence," citing the favorable international response to the election result and the possibility of further sanctions relief. However, the analysts said, "While Myanmar remains a market of interest for many investors, the new government will likely be faced with weaker economic conditions than the last administration, largely as a result of the slowing of the Chinese economy." The slowdown of growth in the Chinese economy, which will see exports of commodities to Burma's neighbor drop, has already been cited by the International Monetary Fund as an impediment to growth, the update said. Additionally, it said, this year's widespread flooding will have an impact on the economy, and the new government must also tackle rising inflation, which could be as high as 13 percent this year. Thai Chamber of Commerce Wants More Government Help in Burma Thai companies are pressuring their government to hold more official visits and business delegations in Burma ahead of moves to increase regional economic integration, according to a report from the Bangkok Post. Leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on Sunday officially established the Asean Economic Community in Kuala Lumpur, although steps to drop trade barriers and free up the movement of skilled labor are likely to take some time fully to kick in. But the Thailand-based English-language newspaper cited Pussadee Polsaram, director of the AEC Strategy Center at the University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce saying that Thai companies trying to enter the Burmese economy faced a lack of connections in the country. She called on the Thai government to do more to help Thai businesses trying to invest in Burma. "The Thai government should set up trips led by the prime minister or deputy prime minister to introduce Thai businesses to local businesses just like the Chinese and the Vietnamese governments have done," she was quoted saying. "The two countries could hold talks at an administrative level from time to time to foster cooperation," the report added. Niyom Wairatpanij, a vice-chairman of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, was also quoted saying that the Thai government should be more proactive in supporting Thai companies in Burma. "The government should ease trade and investment along the border by setting up more checkpoints, he said," the Bangkok Post reported. Kanbawza Links With US Firm for Satellite Broadband KBZ Gateway, part of the sprawling local conglomerate Kanbawza Group, has entered an agreement with Hughes Network Systems to use the Maryland-based company's technology for a new satellite Internet network in Burma. A statement from Hughes this week said that a network was under construction to offer broadband Internet directly to offices and homes in Burma, and to the country's mobile providers. Hughes' "Jupiter" system will be employed for the network, it said. "The Hughes JUPITER System features a flexible and robust gateway architecture with lights-out operation, enhanced IPoS air interface for bandwidth efficiency, and high-throughput terminals, enabling operators to achieve the highest possible capacity and efficiency for any satellite broadband implementation," the statement said. "This is an alliance of two companies to help bridge the digital divide in our country," the statement quoted Stephane Lamoureux, CEO of KBZ Gateway, as saying. "It is not just about launching a new service. It is about driving growth and success of Myanmar's telecommunication industry by providing high-speed, shared hub services to customers across the country. The JUPITER System gives us a powerful solution today and a seamless growth path to next-generation, high-throughput satellite services as they become available in Myanmar." Malaysia's OCK Group Signs Agreement With Telenor Malaysian telecommunications firm OCK Group has entered into a memorandum of understanding with Telenor Myanmar, and is reportedly set to build more than 900 new mobile phone towers for the Norwegian firm. OCK Group announced on Thursday that, along with local partner King Royal Technologies, it had entered an agreement with Telenor "to build and lease tower infrastructure to Telenor." "All parties aimed to conclude the agreement in the next few weeks," the statement to the Malaysian stock exchange said. The business section of Malaysian newspaper The Star reported Friday that OCK Group was "in the final stages of getting a contract from Telenor's Burma unit to build and lease more than 900 towers in the country. "Sources told StarBiz that the contract would last for 12 years and all the towers under this phase were expected to be completed next year." The post The Irrawaddy Business Roundup (Nov. 28, 2015) appeared first on The Irrawaddy. |
| Posted: 27 Nov 2015 06:45 PM PST  "The Female Voice of Myanmar: Khin Myo Chit to Aung San Suu Kyi," by Nilanjana Sengupta. I was fortunate to be a part of the first Irrawaddy Literary Festival—the first of its kind Burma has known in perhaps half a century. It was organized at the Inya Lake Hotel, Rangoon in February 2013. Winter and early spring are the traditional seasons for literary talks, or sarpayhawpyawbwe in Burmese. This particular morning was cool, the air having lost its chilling bite and indolent, white cotton-ball clouds were reflected in the blue waters of Inya Lake. Aung San Suu Kyi arrived amid unprompted and seemingly unending applause—she was the festival patron and was to participate in two of the panels. During the course of discussion she confessed to her lack of admiration for the character of Ulysses and in the same breath declared Victor Hugo's Jean Valjean to be an all-time favorite. This was greeted with surprise and the possible reason for her rejection of the cultural icon of individual self-assertion over a petty French convict, jailed for his 40 sous theft, whose climactic act of heroism consisted of carrying his former enemy through miles of Parisian sewers, was debated at length. I too wondered, late into the night, the thought going round in slow, concentric circles in my mind even as I kept a wary watch for the gecko I had spotted crawling the walls of my lonely hotel room. I will think of it tomorrow, I finally decided. Why does everything in Burma have to be so complicated? That tomorrow came after many days and months, even as I read Suu Kyi's writing—her speeches, her columns, essays, letters, heard the numerous speeches delivered with the same unwavering confidence at numerous forums. And by the time my translators were beating a hasty retreat when they saw me approach and my husband was willingly choosing a rerun of I Love Lucy over me, I saw the first rays of dawn's light! Both Ulysses and Les Miserables (from which Jean Valjean gleaned fame) are tied together by the same theme—the relationship of the central protagonist with the community that surrounds him, a community that by turn sustains him and confines him and which, not surprisingly, in both classics is largely unfavorable, at best unfamiliar and pejorative. To understand Aung San Suu Kyi's thoughts on this bond that binds a man with his community or to expand that thought a bit further, a man with his nation, we would have to rewind back a few years to a time when she wrote her first essays on Burmese nationalism. Both Literature and Nationalism in Burma and Intellectual Life in Burma and India under Colonialism were written in the 1980s while she retained an outsider's view of the country and nurtured dreams of becoming an author and academic. I would think in both essays Suu Kyi's aim remains the same: Beneath the discussion of past history and contemporary literature there is an urgent desire to find answers, to probe the rationale behind Burmese society as it has evolved and understand individual responses which have given Burmese nationalism its particular flavor. In doing so she takes a closer look at selected pieces of Burmese literature, pieces which have come to be a part of the nation's literary canon, that pantheon of valorized and legitimized texts which every educated individual is expected to be conversant with. And what does she discover? In U Latt's much loved novels, she finds a strong nostalgia for Burmese monarchy, in Thakin Kodaw Hmaing, despite the poet's strong emotional bond with the youth, a disconnect with the modern political ideology embraced by his young thakin followers and in the historical writings of Pagan U Tin or Hmawbi Hsaya Thein a blind need to revitalize racial pride rather than any "scientific spirit of enquiry". She even intrepidly criticized the widely read radical journalist Thein Pe Myint for the "heavy handed" political messages with which he layers his literary writing. Arguably in both essays, even as she looks through the lens of popular literature, Suu Kyi finds a society where nationalism is interpreted as an unquestioning loyalty to a set of pre-conceived values, where patriotism is not only all-pervasive but a compulsion as well, where the lack of nationalist feelings is treated with little tolerance. Individual thought or endeavor, a natural corollary to liberalism, takes second place. And consequently she holds up in positive light the more inclusive nationalism of Tagore and the gentle and moderate Nikhilesh of Tagore's Ghare Baire (Home and the World). But what is perhaps more relevant to the Burmese context, in both essays she writes of the avant-garde khit-san writers, Theippan Maung Wa, Zaw Gyi and Min Thu Wun, with some fondness. She writes of the renaissance spirit they brought to Burmese literature, admires their gentle humor, their classical flourish, and applauds them because, "Their nationalist spirit was expressed in terms of their efforts to inject new vigor into Burmese language and literature by adapting them to the modern situation rather than overtly political writings." For me, Aung San Suu Kyi's future political credo and the nationalism she preaches now is founded on this single comment: the importance of the individual response. She speaks of individual response when she narrates anecdotes from her father's life, in her references to Gandhi or to U Vinaya and U Pandita, the revered Buddhist saya-daws, or in her frequent citing of Buddhist Jataka stories while she addresses the Burmese masses. Thus, to illustrate her point, in 2013 in a weekly column that she writes for the D-hlaing Journal she refers to the story of Zaneka in the context of her father. Zaneka, a former existence of the Buddha who embodied the viriya parami—or the quality of energy, diligence and sustained effort—as a young prince sailed the high seas in search of his royal kingdom. When he was in mid-ocean a violent storm arose, but even as the ship sank and the surging ocean turned crimson with the blood of his shipmates devoured by sea monsters, Zaneka climbed to the highest mast and with a tremendous spring overleapt the circle of monsters and resolutely swam across to the distant shore. Thus, while others were overwhelmed by the urgency of the moment, Zaneka swam across with resolve and mindfulness, fuelled by both physical and mental energy. And when he appeared before his new subjects, he was as perfectly balanced in his viriya as a perfectly tuned lute which needs to be played with energy which is neither deficient nor in excess. Similar is her re-reading of the old Buddhist tale of Padasari—a woman driven to near-insanity with the loss of her children and family until she found sanctuary in the Buddha. It is a story which has found multiple literary references and yet while others see it as a story of finding spiritual gratification at the feet of the Buddha, Suu Kyi sees in the old tale only the supreme joy of victory—the victory of an individual over self and personal destiny. Thus while the characters remain the same, the emphasis shifts from the Buddha to the individual and the sanctity of her journey. It is this individual who lies at the center of Suu Kyi's philosophy, an individual who eventually determines the kind of community he builds around him. And it is this individual who helps her in her reinterpretation of Buddhism or of the political credo which is the blessing and bane of our times—democracy. Rather than a top-down, authoritative, state-driven set of directives which these concepts often devolve into, she presents them as non-coercive philosophies driven by and meant for the sustenance and growth of the individual. But then where does this leave the community and the nation? Isn't that where we had started our journey? Even while I tried to capture the readers' attention with geckos and drifting clouds? Well to explain that we will need to remember her emphasis on reflective viriya, an individual who is equally driven by physical endeavor and intellectual prudence, and add to that yet another of her favorites, active myitta, or loving kindness, and then blend them together to arrive at the concept of inter-dependent co-arising as preached by Engaged Buddhists. Now before you sigh in exasperation and reach for the delete button, let me quickly explain that. Inter-dependent co-arising is a concept wherein no individual or society is deemed free of the shared matrix of values and systems to which it belongs. In other words, no individual can be absolved of his social role in the kammic web of which he is a part. According to Suu Kyi for an individual to be able to assume the role designated for him in the social web, or nation, there is need to personally adopt the twin themes of 'active myitta' and 'reflective viriya', qualities which will nurture an empathy for a wide sweep of cultures and interests, as well as a will to bring in judicious change as displayed by the khit-san poets of yore. As Suu Kyi explains more prosaically, "It's no use standing there wringing your hands and saying, 'My goodness, my goodness, this is terrible.' You must try to do what you can. I believe in action." But again, the action she speaks of is not only the physical act of doing a good deed or a mindless act of patriotism (or non-patriotism, for that matter) under popular pressure. It is equally a non-passive non-acceptance of convention. Zaneka displayed this by climbing the high mast of the ship, the khit-san writers by reinventing poetic lyricism. So to go back to our initial question: why Jean Valjean and not Ulysses? Isn't Ulysses, an old man who has seen many wars and yet when confronted by a "still hearth" dauntlessly resolves to seek a new path, the very epitome of viriya? No, in Suu Kyi's logic, because his disdain for his aged wife and weariness in governing a "savage race" belies a selfish urge for self-actualization at the cost of country and people. It is the impractical rebellion of an old man against a bourgeoisie conformity. In contrast, Jean Valjean's journey is one of the spirit. After his long and hard life at the galleys, as he re-enters society, he expresses little urge to escape or rebel. Instead, he learns of the redemptive powers of love and remains willing to seek out what is good. Unlike in Ulysses, there is no negating of his social role or the kammic web here. I wish I could end the essay here, leaving a rosy picture of a community of perfect individuals ready to drive change in a pliable society. One is tempted to do so particularly with the NLD sweeping the polls in the recent election and everyone speaking of a nation poised for change. But unfortunately it is hard to ignore the voices of skeptics to whom Suu Kyi's beliefs might appear quixotic. Frankly, the thought has crossed my mind too, more frequently than I care to admit. So perhaps at this point we could stop to examine some of the policies which she has outlined over the past years—policies on education and the ailing economy which, if implemented, could make her theories into practical realities. The higher education policy for example, conceived by the National Network for Education Reform (NNER). Suu Kyi and members of the NLD played an active role in developing the policy, which has as its fulcrum decentralization and an enquiry-based development of cognitive skills. Or the NLD's experimental foray into micro-credit schemes which could counter the abysmally low outreach of the banking sector and allow individuals easy access to formal financial services. Or her change of stance in 2012 toward Total SA and Chevron, partners in the Yadana Gas Project, keeping in mind their investments in capacity building and skill transfer projects. In each case the focus is on a decentralized, bottom-up skill building as steps toward individual empowerment. If there is a proverbial fly in the ointment, it is in Suu Kyi's consistent interpretation of the Burmese national identity in terms of a restricted Burman-Buddhist identity. If she refers to Zaneka and Padasari, she forgets they are pertinent only to Burmese-Buddhist values. If she criticizes Kodaw Hmaing and Pe Myint, she forgets they are relevant only to the Burmese literary canon. If she refers to the Thirty Comrades, founded by her father, she forgets it was the nucleus of the Burmese army still perceived as an agency of persecution by minority ethnic groups. There remains a need to acknowledge the centrality of the minority question and minority voices. Aung San Suu Kyi had started in the 1980s by speaking of a compulsive nationalism enshrouding Burma. Today, as the nation stands at a vital crossroad, perhaps there is need to tread with caution: her own apparently empowering philosophy should not become a straitjacket for some, her party magazine should not become the propaganda machine of an empty democracy, and her postulations on her father should not devolve into a manipulation of collective memory. Parts of this essay were taken from the author's book, The Female Voice of Myanmar: Khin Myo Chit to Aung San Suu Kyi (Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN: 9781107117860). The post Lessons in Nationalism appeared first on The Irrawaddy. |
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